Production of furfural from macroalgae-derived alginic acid over Amberlyst-15

Production of fermentable species by microwave-assisted hydrothermal treatment of biomass carbohydrates: reactivity and fermentability assessments

“…A further increase in the temperature up to 210°C shifts the process towards the formation of liquid end products such as furans and short chain carboxylic acids. 11,12,44 This is in good agreement with the increase observed in gas production and the decrease in the relative amount of carboxylic acids in the liquid. This decrease for carboxylic acids is accounted for by the lower proportion of guluronic and mannuronic acids in the hydrolysates as well as for the transformation of some of the organic species into gases.…”

“…[5][6][7][8] The former com-prises non-edible lignocellulosic materials and waste residues, largely consisting of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin; 10 while the latter involves micro-and macroalgal matter, which is made up of active compounds such as proteins, nucleic acids and lipids and carbohydrates such as cellulose, hemicellulose and alginic acid. 11,12 For the development and commercialisation of this route, it is of paramount importance to achieve an optimum control of the process in order to strike a good compromise between sugar production and sugar degradation, as the latter leads to the formation of fermentation inhibitors such as aldehydes, carboxylic acids, ketones and furans. [5][6][7][8] However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, little research has been conducted addressing the hydrothermal treatment of the most abundant carbohydrates; i.e.…”

“…They found that the retro-aldol condensation reaction was one of the most important reactions. Jeon et al 11 analysed the hydrothermal treatment of alginic acid, examining the effect of the reaction time (0-40 min) and temperature (160-220°C) using various metal cations. Furfural was the major reaction product, its yield initially increased with time and then decreased due to the conversion of furfural to humins and/or organic acids.…”

Production of furfural from xylose and corn stover catalyzed by a novel porous carbon solid acid in γ-valerolactone

“…Besides, commercial ion exchange resins (Amberlyst-70, Amberlyst-15 and Naon) were also investigated in detail. [30][31][32] Nevertheless, the large-scale industrial applications of ion exchange resin are hindered by low porosity, high price and the poor endurance against high temperature. Moreover, recent years has witnessed a fast development of sugar catalyst, which was typically prepared through a two-step process.…”

Hydrolysis of Palm Tree Midribs with Hydrochloric Acid for Furfural Formation

“…Metal oxides as solid acid catalysts and sulfonated biomass carbon materials have increasingly attracted researchers' attention, due to their strong acidity, high active surface area and low temperature sensitivity [28] . Furthermore, furfural was produced using alginic acid derived from macroalgae over Amberlyst-15 solid acid catalyst [29] . However, ILs and solid catalysts are currently expensive and difficult to synthesize.…”