Production of Ethylene Oxide Adducts

Schönfeldt, N.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-012819-1.50008-5

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…Similar effects are observed for alkylphenol ethoxylate compositions due to lower relative reactivities of components with EON of 1–5, but the absence of unreacted phenol skews the overall EON distribution less than in the case for aliphatic alcohols. Besides disperse PEG monoethers, commercial ethoxylates typically contain detectable amounts of PEG, which may exceed 5 w/w% or more for [EON] > 30 (Schick et al, 1967; Schönfeldt, 1969). Typically, PEG forms from traces of water in the hydrophobe feedstocks, from the base catalyst solutions such as 50% NaOH, and thermally driven PEG chain cleavage.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non‐linearchanges in phase inversion temperature for oil and water emulsions of nonionic surfactant mixtures

Dado

Knox

Lang

et al. 2021

J Surfact & Detergents

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Hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD) is a semiempirical framework for surfactant‐oil–water (SOW) formulation that has effectively assimilated SOW properties such as phase inversion temperature (PIT) and Winsor Type I ↔ II ↔ III ↔ IV microemulsion behavior. The HLD system's reliance on surfactant and oil parameters necessitates their experimental determination when relevant and accurate values are not available. In this study, experiments have been of the type commonly used to generate test surfactant HLD parameters based on perturbation of a well‐defined SOW reference system and assumption of linear mixing behavior for PIT versus component mole fractions. The reference SOW compositions comprised n‐octane, 0.01 M aqueous NaCl, and pure n‐decyl tetraethylene glycol ether (C10E4) reference surfactant. Test surfactants were primary alcohol ethoxylates and nonylphenol ethoxylates comprising disperse PEG (polyethylene glycol) chain lengths that are inherent to commercial production of nonionic ethoxylate surfactants. We observe non‐linear behavior of PIT versus test surfactant mole fraction, even when accounting for surfactant concentration effects, so the desired linear correlation that could otherwise be used to assign an HLD parameter has not been obtained. Since an objective of this study has been to improve the predictive utility of the HLD framework for commercial nonionic surfactants, relevant terms in the HLD equation have been assessed in terms of their potential contributions to non‐linear behavior. One current working‐explanation relates substantial non‐linear PIT contribution to oil‐like surfactant components in disperse commercial ethoxylates.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non‐linearchanges in phase inversion temperature for oil and water emulsions of nonionic surfactant mixtures

Dado

Knox

Lang

et al. 2021

J Surfact & Detergents

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“…Both effects (rheological and stabilizing) are reasonably missing in the 33 wt % film containing the sole ethyl cellulose. The relatively low roughness and homogeneity of the 25 wt % film (although rougher than the PVB + PVP one) can be ascribed to both the lower concentration of graphene and to the levelling effect, due to the castor oil [24].…”

Section: Morphology Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 98%

Morphological and Radio Frequency Characterization of Graphene Composite Films

Quaranta

Miscuglio

Bayat

et al. 2018

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Graphene is a monolayer of carbon atoms which exhibits remarkable electronic and mechanical properties. Graphene based nano-materials have gained a lot of interest for many applications. In this paper, inks with three different graphene concentrations (12.5, 25, and 33 wt % in graphene) were prepared and deposited by screen printing. A detailed investigation of films' surface morphology using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) revealed that the graphene films present a homogeneous dispersion of the filler with a comparatively lower surface roughness at higher concentrations and negligible agglomerates. The films were then printed between copper electrodes on FR-4 substrate (trade name for glass-reinforced epoxy laminate material), commonly used in Radio Frequency (RF) circuits, and the measured scattering parameters analyzed. Finally, the reflection coefficient of a patch antenna, fabricated on FR-4 substrate with and without a stub loaded by a thin film were measured. The difference of the resonant frequency due to the different interaction between graphene flakes and polymer binders shows attractive features of functionalized graphene films for chemical and bio-sensing applications.

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“…Ethoxylated and propoxylated fatty amines are widely used as nonionic surfactants, leading to a steady increasing industrial demand over the past six decades . The intermediate products, with 2 mol of ethylene (EO) or propylene oxide (PO), react in a second step via a chain growth polymerization of EO or PO to di‐polyetheramines (Figure ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Propoxylation of fatty amines: Switching from batch to flow

Müller

Aguirre

Ljungdahl³

et al. 2020

J Adv Manuf & Process

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The ethoxylation and propoxylation of fatty amines are important industrial reactions commonly performed in de-intensified semi-batch reactors. The present study aims to intensify these reactions by transferring the process to continuous processing. Therefore, the propoxylation of octylamine, as model system, was performed in a batch reactor and in a micro tubular reactor. The micro tubular reactor operated with a single liquid phase at 15 bar pressure.The batch study found valuable kinetic and solubility information in the temperature range of 120 C-160 C. Moreover, a switch-flow method in the micro tubular reactor combined with inline FTIR gave a more detailed understanding of the reaction kinetics. In the micro tubular reactor, all PO was added in the feed according to stoichiometry, which led to a process intensification factor of 3.7 compared to fed-batch gas phase addition at maximum 2 bar.

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Production of Ethylene Oxide Adducts

Cited by 11 publications

References 113 publications

Non‐linearchanges in phase inversion temperature for oil and water emulsions of nonionic surfactant mixtures

Non‐linearchanges in phase inversion temperature for oil and water emulsions of nonionic surfactant mixtures

Morphological and Radio Frequency Characterization of Graphene Composite Films

Propoxylation of fatty amines: Switching from batch to flow

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