Production of Ethylene by Flowers Following Pollination and Treatments With Water and Auxin

Hall, I. V.; Forsyth, F. R.

doi:10.1139/b67-121

Cited by 86 publications

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“…These data are consistent with similar observations made with cotton and carnation flowers (13,15). The role of pollination in initiating ethylene production in flowers is well documented (1,3,5), and the substantial ethylene production by the reproductive tissues of Tradescantia flowers may well be another instance of such an interaction.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Ethylene and Senescence in Petals of Tradescantia

Suttle

Kende²

1978

Plant Physiol.

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Flowers of Tradescantia (clone 02) which are ephemeral, produce ethylene during senescence with the maximum rates occurring during the initial period of fading. Senescing isolated petals produce ethylene in a similar manner, exhibit a loss of membrane semipermeability, and exogenous ethylene hastens the onset as well as the subsequent rate of this loss. The aminoethoxy analog of 0.1 millimolar rhizobitoxine completely inhibits ethylene production by isolated petals but only partially the loss of membrane semipermeability. Isolated petals acquire a sensitivity to ethylene as they mature, becoming fully sensitive on the day of anthesis.Ethylene has been shown to be involved in the regulation of senescence in a variety of plant organs including fruits and flowers (1,2,7,(13)(14)(15) containing distilled H20. Each tube was inserted into a perforated foam stopper which was placed into a 50-ml plastic syringe. The plunger of the syringe was adjusted to give an air space of 30 ml, and the syringe was sealed with a serum vial cap. The progress of flower fading was viewed through the plastic walls of the sealed syringes. In order to study the effect of an exposure of flowers to ethylene, batches of flowers were gassed simultaneously with 10 ,ul/l ethylene for 90 min in a 50-ml stoppered plastic syringe. Upon completion of this treatment, the flowers were removed and placed into individual 50-ml syringes as described above. The length of time from sealing this syringe until the flowers had completely closed was noted.Ethylene Production by Isolated Floral Tissue. Flowers were excised from the plant early on day 0 and were dissected into sepals, petals, and the remaining organs (ie. stamens, gynoecium, and receptacle). The respective parts from three flowers were placed into a 25-ml Erlenmyer flask containing 5 ml of 1% agar as support. The flasks were sealed, and ethylene determinations were made throughout the day.Isolated Petals. Petals were isolated either from buds on day -1 or from flowers on day 0. The petals were floated on 5 ml of glass-distilled H20 or solutions of the aminoethoxy analog of rhizobitoxine in 50-ml Erlenmeyer flasks with side arms; each flask was sealed with a serum vial cap and fitted with a conical cuvette attached with a 2.5-cm rubber tubing to the side arm. This assembly allowed continuous measurement of both ethylene concentration in the headspace and the absorbance of the bathing medium.Determination of Pigment Efflux and Ethylene Production. Anthocyanin efflux was monitored in the sealed system by tipping the flask such that a portion ofthe bathing medium was introduced into the conical cuvette, thereby allowing for the measurement of the absorbance ofthe bathing medium at 575 nm, using a Coleman Junior Colorimeter (Coleman Instruments, Oak Brook, Ill.). Ethylene production was measured by withdrawing a 1-ml gas sample from the headspace in the incubation flask and injecting it into a gas chromatograph as described previously in studies with Ipomoea flower tissue (9). Each sample rem...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Ethylene and Senescence in Petals of Tradescantia

Suttle

Kende²

1978

Plant Physiol.

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“…It is generally assumed that pollination-induced corolla senescence is mediated by the increase in ethylene production, presumably via promotion ofACC synthase (10,11,13,15,19). This view is based on three main findings: (a) pollination promotes ethylene production (6,11,13,15,19); (b) exposure to ethylene promotes corolla abscission (10,15); and (c) treatment with inhibitors of ethylene synthesis or action reduce or prevent abscission (8,10,17,20).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Austracf Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In both groups ethylene production, and senescence or abscission are accelerated in pollinated flowers. It is, therefore, generally assumed that pollination-induced senescence and abscission are mediated by the increased ethylene production and exposure of the flowers to endogenous ethylene (6,(10)(11)(12).In the present study we examine the role of ethylene and pollination in controlling senescence and abscission ofcyclamen flowers, and if corolla abscision is regulated solely by the pollination-induced ethylene production. were grown from seeds in 15-cm pots using standard greenhouse production methods.…”

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Does Pollination Induce Corolla Abscission of Cyclamen Flowers by Promoting Ethylene Production?

Halevy¹,

Whitehead²,

Kofranek³

1984

Plant Physiol.

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AUSTRACF MATERIALS AND METHODSVery low ethylee production rates were measured in nonpoilinated Cyclame persum Mill flows, aod o change in production was observed dring the whoie lfe spa of the flower until death. Normal senscence was accompnd by a gradul discolotion aod loss of turgor followed by wilting. Polliation induced a dramatic i emin ethylene evoluon, culmatg in a peak 4 days after pollinatio, and a of the corolla on that day. Silver-thioslfate, an inhibitor of ethylene acton, had no effect on longevity of unpollinated flowers, but completely nullified the effect of polliation on corolla abscio. (2,3,10). Some species, however, are not sensitive to ethylene, and their leaves or flowers will not drop in response to exposure to ethylene (2, 10).The longevity of flowers is generally much shorter than that of leaves. Flowers may be generally divided into two distinct groups as to the cause for the termination of their life: (a) those showing a gradual change in composition ofthe corolla with age, loss of turgor, and final wilting; and (b) those in which the life ofthe flower is terminated by the abscission ofthe corolla, when it is still fully turgid (10, 15). In both groups ethylene production, and senescence or abscission are accelerated in pollinated flowers. It is, therefore, generally assumed that pollination-induced senescence and abscission are mediated by the increased ethylene production and exposure of the flowers to endogenous ethylene (6,(10)(11)(12).In the present study we examine the role of ethylene and pollination in controlling senescence and abscission ofcyclamen flowers, and if corolla abscision is regulated solely by the pollination-induced ethylene production. were grown from seeds in 15-cm pots using standard greenhouse production methods. Intact flower buds were tagged when they were still in a downward position, and again on the day when at least 4 of the 5 corolla lobes were folded upward. This stage was considered as the opening stage (day 0). In experiments using cut flowers, flowers were harvested on d 3 or 4, since the scape of flowers harvested earlier than this often bent when placd in water (A. H. Halevy, H. C. Kohl and A. M. Kofranek, unpublished data).Ethylene Prodution and Expwosure to Ethyle. On the opening day a group of 60 flowers was pollinated 3 times, while the rest ofthe flowers were unpollinated. Each day 15 pollinated and 15 unpollinated flowers were harvested and placed in DI.3 Ethylene production by the flowers was determined by sealing 3 flowers in a 0.5-L Mason jar fitted with a sampling port and measuring the accumulated ethylene after 1 h by GC.The effect of ethylene and flower age on time to senescence was examined by harvesting petagged flowers of different ages, placing them for 24 or 48 h in flowing air streams containing 0, 1, 10, and 50 1Al1-' ethylene, and evaluating their longevity in DI under conditions described below.Determintion of ACC Content in Pollen. Five samples of pollen were collected from flowers in the greenhouse. Each sample was collect...

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“…However, auxin in many instances may be acting indirectly via its stimulatory effect on ethylene production (Abeles, 1966;Burg and Burg, 1966;Hall and Forsyth, 1967). Furthermore, in many flowers the gynoecium is an active site of ethylene production (Hall and Forsyth, 1967), but few reports implicate ethylene in regulating early ovary development. In carnation, Nichols (1971) reported that 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (metabolized to ethylene) as well as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (synthetic auxin) accelerated peta1 senescence and ovary development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ovary and Gametophyte Development Are Coordinately Regulated by Auxin and Ethylene following Pollination.

1993

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The differentiation and development of ovules in orchid flowers are pollination dependent. To define the developmental signals and timing of critical events associated with ovule differentiation, we have examined factors that regulate the initial events in megasporogenesis and female gametophyte development and characterized its progression toward maturity and fertilization. Two days after pollination, ovary wall epidermal cells begin to elongate and form hair cells; this is the earliest visible morphological change, and it occurs at least 3 days prior to pollen germination, indicating that signals associated with pollination itself trigger these early events. The effects of inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis on early morphological changes indicated that ethylene, in the presence of auxin, is required to initiate ovary development and, indirectly, subsequent ovule differentiation. Surprisingly, pollen germination and growth were also strongly inhibited by inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis, indicating that male gametophyte development is also regulated by ethylene. Detailed characterization of the development of both the female and male gametophyte in pollinated orchid flowers indicated that pollen tubes entered the ovary and grew along the ovary wall for 10 to 35 days, at which time growth was arrested. Approximately 40 days after pollination, coincident with ovule differentiation as indicated by the presence of a single archesporial cell, the direction of pollen tube growth became redirected toward the ovule, suggesting a chemical signaling between the developing ovule and male gametophyte. Taken together, these results indicate that both auxin and ethylene contribute to the regulation of both ovary and ovule development and to the coordination of development of male and female gametophytes.

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Production of Ethylene by Flowers Following Pollination and Treatments With Water and Auxin

Cited by 86 publications

References 0 publications

Ethylene and Senescence in Petals of Tradescantia

Ethylene and Senescence in Petals of Tradescantia

Does Pollination Induce Corolla Abscission of Cyclamen Flowers by Promoting Ethylene Production?

Ovary and Gametophyte Development Are Coordinately Regulated by Auxin and Ethylene following Pollination.

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