Production of Endogenous “Salt-Active” Corticoids as Reflected in the Concentrations of Sodium and Chloride of Thermal Sweat*

Conn, Jerome W.; Louis, Lawrence H.; Wark, Shirley; Sprunger, Betty

doi:10.1210/jcem-10-1-12

Cited by 52 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…However, the finding of decreased concentrations of sodium also in saliva and sweat of patients with ascites suggests a mechanism of generalized retention of sodium. Conn presents evidence for a relationship between reduced concentrations of sodium in sweat and adrenal cortical hyperactivity (9). Furthermore, he showed a reduction in the concentration of sodium in sweat following administration of desoxycorticosterone acetate and adrenocorticotrophic hormone.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Electrolyte Studies on Patients With Cirrhosis of the Liver

Eisenmenger¹,

Blondheim²,

Bongiovanni³

et al. 1950

J. Clin. Invest.

136

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The relationship between the formation of ascites and dietary sodium in patients with cirrhosis of the liver is well established (1)(2)(3)(4). Rigid restriction of ingested sodium provides a therapeutic procedure which is effective in arresting the accumulation of ascites in most cases of hepatic cirrhosis. However, the many factors conditioning the response to variations in ingested sodium are incompletely understood. Detailed studies of sodium and water metabolism, therefore, were carried out in a large group of patients with cirrhosis. Marked abnormalities were found which were characterized by extreme renal retention of sodium, as previously emphasized by Farnsworth and Krakusin (3), and by low values of serum sodium. Associated with minimal renal excretion of sodium, a more generalized phenomenon of conservation of sodium, as demonstrated in studies on saliva and sweat, suggests an hormonal relationship. It is not inferred that these abnormalities are primary. Rather it is felt that owing to the formation of excessive ascites they may reflect body mechanisms which are essentially protective in nature. 2Wyeth's "Low Sodium Food"; National Drug's "Protinal"; Squibb's "Melactin." sium were determined by means of the Perkin-Elmer flame photometer; lithium was used as an internal standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS AllFood and feces were prepared for analyses of sodium and potassium by ashing. The total three-day collection of feces or of food, including dietary fluids but not water, was pooled and mixed in a Waring blendor. To an aliquot of 10 gms. was added 1 cc. of 10% H2SO,4 to facilitate ashing. The aliquot was dried at approximately 900 C. for two days and ashed at 3000 C. for one hour and then at 500°C. for five hours. A small amount of black material in addition to the sodium and potassium caused no interference in the determination of the latter substances. The black material could be removed by heating at 800°C., but at such temperatures a progressive loss of sodium and potassium occurred. The residue, redissolved in approximately 10 cc. of warm 0.1 N H2SOI, was filtered into a 100 cc. volumetric flask. The crucible and filter paper were washed five times with warm 0.1 N H2SO and the volume was adjusted to 100 cc. with 0.1 N H2SO4 after the solution of lithium required as an internal standard had been added. All determinations were performed in duplicate, the differences averaging less than 1%. Several recovery determinations of sodium and potassium were done with each group of analyses, and were found to range from 96% to 104%.Serum sodium and potassium were also measured by means of the flame photometer, at a dilution of 1:200 for sodium and 1: 10 for potassium; lithium was used as internal standard. To insure accuracy in the preparation of dilutions of serum, especially in the higher dilutions used in analyses of sodium, the same calibrated pipettes were used throughout, a 0.5 cc. blow pipette for sodium and a 1 cc. delivery pipette for potassium. Since the sera analyzed contained extremely variable con...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Electrolyte Studies on Patients With Cirrhosis of the Liver

Eisenmenger¹,

Blondheim²,

Bongiovanni³

et al. 1950

J. Clin. Invest.

136

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“…Although we have not been able to find an account of the effect of cortisone on a normal subject, Conn, Louis, Wark & Sprunger (1950) give an account of the effect of administrations of ACTH, that had a marked influence on nitrogen output, uricacid excretion, and eosinophil count in doses of 50 units daily. We have so far used ACTH (Corticotrophin powder, Organon Laboratories Ltd., London) on two subjects only, both of whom (Kabwa and Naigesente) had already been shown to respond to cortisone.…”

mentioning

confidence: 89%

Malnutrition in African Adults

1954

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In 1948, we had occasion to undertake a series of nitrogen-balance experiments on African patients in Mulago hospital, with a view to assessing their state of nutrition with respect to protein. Some had been admitted to hospital suffering from severe hookworm anaemia, others with enlargement of the liver and spleen sufficient to bring them into hospital. Others bore the diagnosis simply of 'malnutrition'. They all gave a history, extending over years, of a diet grossly deficient in protein, and from which animal protein was almost absent. Malnutrition of the type encountered here differs from that seen in Europe and America in that very serious protein deficiency may accompany a diet of reasonable calorie value. Bayliss's dictum 'Take care of the calories, and the protein will take care of itself' is emphatically not true in this part of Africa. This is because the common carbohydrate staples, sweet potato, cassava, and plantain contain z % or less of protein.Accurate figures for food consumption among the general population are lacking, but the following data are of interest. They were calculated from figures in a report of a cost-of-living survey carried out by the East African Statistical Department (1952). The number of individuals (all adult male labourers) observed was I 10, and the period of observation 30 consecutive days, The daily food consumption was: protein 53 g, carbohydrate 525 g, fat 42 g. This provided 2647 Cal. Only 9 g of the protein were of animal origin. Neither milk, eggs, butter nor cheese were consumed.Our subjects all gave a history of a diet consisting mainly of sweet potato, cassava, or plantain. Groundnuts or beans or both were eaten about once weekly, meat or fish not more often than once monthly, and eggs, milk, or cheese were never consumed. Although, in the absence of diet surveys, we cannot say what proportion of the population live on a diet of this kind, it is quite certain that the type of case with which we have been dealing is extremely common, and examples can be obtained from the general wards of the hospital whenever required. We were not surprised to find that these subjects retained nitrogen when placed on a diet high in animal protein and calories. But as the period of observation extended, and the nitrogen retention continued, we began to realize that some mechanism or mechanisms, not hitherto clearly recognized, must be playing an important part. We have made a long series of observations on the haematology and serum protein of these subjects. We shall, however, confine ourselves in this paper to the question of nitrogen and phosphorus balances.https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi

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“…Administration of ACTH will protect animals (Britton, personal communication) and men (Conn, Louis, Wark & Springer, 1950) against fainting on a tilt table. Horvath & Botelho (1949) have shown that the primary factor in fainting could be a 'running away' of the pulse; if this is where the adrenal acts it could act in the same way on men in the heat, keeping their heart rates down.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The difference is really between an acute temporary change and a chronic more permanent one. It is this chronic change, a long continued stimulus to the adrenal cortex, which is responsible, according to Conn (1949;Conn et at. 1950), for the development of full acclimatization to heat and for the fall in the chloride content of the sweat when men are kept on a low salt intake.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of water and salt intake upon the performance of men working in hot and humid environments

Ladell¹

1955

The Journal of Physiology

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Production of Endogenous “Salt-Active” Corticoids as Reflected in the Concentrations of Sodium and Chloride of Thermal Sweat*

Cited by 52 publications

References 7 publications

Electrolyte Studies on Patients With Cirrhosis of the Liver

Electrolyte Studies on Patients With Cirrhosis of the Liver

Malnutrition in African Adults

The effects of water and salt intake upon the performance of men working in hot and humid environments

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