“…In addition to the operation mode of fermentation, various previous investigations in the literature also used approaches from different aspects to intensify the LA production, reducing its production cost, e.g., utilizing economical feedstock sources [50,51,52], selecting highly-productive strains of microorganisms [53], and optimizing fermentation conditions [31,54]. Moreover, the lactate in the permeate can be treated further by other membrane processes, e.g., bipolar electrodialysis can convert it into LA, while regenerated alkaline can be reused for the neutralization of the fermentation broth [55,56,57].…”