Production of Chlorella biomass enriched by selenium and its use in animal nutrition: a review

Abstract

Feedstuffs are routinely supplemented with various selenium sources, where organic forms of Se are more bio-available and less toxic than the inorganic forms (selenites, selenates). When the algae are exposed to environmental Se in the form of selenite, they are able as other microorganisms to incorporate the element to different levels, depending on the algae species. Technology of heterotrophic fed-batch cultivation of the microalga Chlorella enriched by organically bound Se was developed, where the cultivation proceeds in fermentors on aerated and mixed nutrient solution with urea as a nitrogen and glucose as a carbon and energy source. High volumetric productivity and high cell concentrations (about 70-100 g Chlorella dry mass l(-1)) can be attained if nutrients and oxygen are adequately supplied. Addition of a small quantity of a new selenoprotein source-spray-dried Se-Chlorella biomass to the diet of farm animals had better effects on specific physiological and physical parameters of animals than selenite salt and was comparable with Se yeast added to the diet. This review introduces the importance of selenium for humans and animals, methods of Se determination, heterotrophic production of selenium-enriched Chlorella biomass in a fed-batch culture regime on organic carbon, and use of the biomass in animal nutrition.

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“…Recently, micronutrients such as iodine, selenium, copper and manganese have become more important for enrichment process (Penglase, Hamre, Sweetman, & Nordgreen, 2011;Ribeiro, Ribeiro, Dinis, & Moren, 2011;Srivastava, Hamre, Stoss, & Nordgreen, 2012;Nordgreen, Penglase, & Hamre, 2013). Delivering micronutrients to rotifers can be managed by enriching microalgae (Doucha, Livansky, Kotrbacek, & Zachleder, 2009;Kouba, Velíšek, Stará, Masojídek, & Kozák, 2014). This could be an edequate solution if nutritional value of microalgae could be increased.…”

Effect of Organic Selenium from Se-enriched Alga (Chlorella spp.) on Selenium Transfer from Sows to Their Progeny

“…The product, spray-dried biomass of disintegrated algal cells was characterized by a high level of Se determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Doucha et al 2006). …”

The use of selenium-enriched alga Scenedesmus quadricauda in a chicken diet

“…When the wild type is cultivated to obtain Se-enriched biomass, selenium has to be added in several low doses during the cultivation to avoid the toxic effect of selenium (Doucha et al, 2009). In the case of SeIV strain the selenium was added in a sufficiently high dose at the very beginning of the cultivation without any toxic effect on algal cells.…”

“…The supplementation of selenium by Se-yeast and Chlorella in the diet of broiler chickens increased the microelement concentration in muscles (Ševčíková et al, 2006) and vitamin E and Se content in egg yolk and chicken meat (Skřivan et al, 2008b). The use of Se-Chlorella in animal nutrition is reviewed by Doucha et al (2009).…”