“…Fumaric acid, an important four-carbon dicarboxylic acid, is an intermediate in the TCA cycle, and it is a building block to synthesize more complex compounds in the chemical, food processing, agriculture, and pharmaceutical industries (Guo et al 2020). Microbial fermentation using renewable biomass as raw material has the advantages of being environmentally friendly and sustainable (Abo et al 2019;Liu et al 2020). Rhizopus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Torulopsis glabrata, Escherichia coli, and their derivatives have been evaluated for their production capability of fumaric acid.…”