Production of Biofuels via the Catalytic Cracking of Mixtures of Crude Vegetable Oils and Nonedible Animal Fats with Vacuum Gas Oil

Abstract

Vegetable oils (crude palm oil and crude soybean oil), nonedible animal fats, and waste cooking oil (WCO) were mixed with a standard gas oil and tested under fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) conditions in a short-contact-time microactivity reactor using an industrial FCC equilibrium catalyst. Under the reaction conditions tested in this work, triglyceride molecules are completely transformed into water, CO2, CO, and a mixture of hydrocarbons. The presence of a triglyceride-based biomass in the feedstock of a FCC unit reduces the yield toward liquid products and enhances gas and coke formation. Likewise, the cracking of oil and fats in the FCC conditions increases aromatic hydrocarbon formation. This fact comes from oxygen removal of the initial triglycerides to form water as the principal oxygenated compound, which requires the presence of hydrogen molecules coming from the transformation of hydrocarbons into olefins. These olefins, in the severe reaction conditions under study, will tend to form aromatic hydrocarbons. Likewise, preliminary catalytic results described in this work show that unsaturated renewable raw materials (such as soybean oil or WCO) lead to an increase in the concentration of aromatic compounds for the liquid phase as compared to that found for the most saturated feedstocks (palm oil and animal fats). Moreover, a slightly higher yield toward the liquid products and lower gaseous compound formation are also evidenced with the most unsaturated triglyceride-based feed.

Production of Bio-Hydrogenated Diesel by Hydrotreatment of High-Acid-Value Waste Cooking Oil over Ruthenium Catalyst Supported on Al-Polyoxocation-Pillared Montmorillonite

“…All free fatty acids in the waste cooking oil had even carbon numbers (16, 18, and 20) in the carbon chains. The fatty acids with sixteen carbons in the carbon chain (so-called C 16 -acids, including palmitic and palmitoleic acids) occupied 6.8%, the fatty acids with eighteen carbons in the carbon chain (so-called C 18 -acids, including stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids) occupied 92.1%, and the fatty acids with twenty carbons in the carbon chain (so-called C 20 -acids, including eicosenoic acid) occupied 1.1% in total free fatty acids of the waste cooking oil. Table 4 shows the product yields over various catalysts in the hydrotreatment of waste cooking oil.…”

“…The reduction does not produce CO x , while both the decarbonylation and the decarboxylation produces CO x and thus one C in the carbon chain is lost. Thus from the deoxygenation of C 16 -acids and C 18 -acids, the reduction produces n-C 16 H 34 and n-C 18 H 38 , and the decarbonylation and decarboxylation produce n-C 15 H 32 and n-C 17 H 36 . Moreover, the reduction is favorable under a large H 2 /oil ratio because it consumes more H 2 molecules than the decarbonylation and decarboxylation (Reactions 1-3).…”

“…can convert vegetable oil to a mixture of gasoline, kerosene, light gas oil, gas oil, and long chain residues by the hydrotreatment process [9,15]. Industrial FCC catalysts can convert vegetable oil to gasoline distilled hydrocarbons in the FCC unit under the FCC conditions [16]. For converting vegetable oil to bio-hydrogenated diesel (BHD), two types of effective catalysts have been reported for the hydrotreatment process: noble metal catalysts (Pd, Pt, etc.)…”

Efeito Da Utra-Estabilização Da Zeolita Y No Hidro-Craqueamento De Óleo De Soja Bruto

“…Nesse sentido há a possibilidade de se empregar óleos de baixo custo, como óleo vegetal não tratado, no processo de craqueamento, como o demostrado por Melero et al (2010) que utilizaram óleo bruto de soja e de palma como aditivos da matéria prima no processo de craqueamento de petróleo pesado. Vários trabalhos descrevem a conversão de óleo de palma em hidrocarbonetos líquidos como o de (TWAIQ et al, 1999) O presente trabalho teve por objetivo explorar a aplicação das zeólitas USY e NAY no craqueamento catalítico de óleo vegetal experimentalmente, para avaliar a interferência do processo de ultraestabilização.…”

Effective Gasoline Production Strategies by Catalytic Cracking of Rapeseed Vegetable Oil in Refinery Conditions

“…[8][9][10][11] Only a few studies on vegetable oil cracking in entrained flow-type riser reactors have been carried out. [12,13] Under typical FCC conditions, Dupain et al studied both the thermal and catalytic cracking of a rapeseed oil in an isothermal plug-flow microriser reactor, which mimics the actual riser unit very well.…”