Production of Biodiesel from Candlenut Oil Using a Two-step Co-solvent Method and Evaluation of Its Gaseous Emissions

Abstract

Candlenut oil (CNO) is a potentially new feedstock for biodiesel (BDF) production. In this paper, a two-step co-solvent method for BDF production from CNO was examined. Firstly, esterification of free fatty acids (FFAs) (7 wt%) present in CNO was carried out using a co-solvent of acetonitrile (30 wt%) and HSO as a catalyst. The content of FFAs was reduced to 0.8 wt% in 1 h at 65°C. Subsequent transesterification of the crude oil produced was carried out using a co-solvent of acetone (20 wt%) and 1 wt% potassium hydroxide (KOH). Ester content of 99.3% was obtained at 40°C in 45 min. The water content in BDF was 0.023% upon purification using vacuum distillation at 5 kPa. The components of CNO BDF were characterized using a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. The physicochemical properties of BDF satisfied the ASTM D6751-02 standard. The gaseous exhaust emissions from the diesel engine upon combustion of the BDF blends (B0-B100) with petrodiesel were examined. The emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons were clearly lower, but that of nitrogen oxides was higher in comparison to those from petro-diesel.

Physicochemical Characterization of Candlenut (<i>Aleurites moluccana</i>)-derived Biodiesel Purified with Deed Eutectic Solvents

“…3 . Candlenut oil contains high free fatty acids 6-15 26 which can lead to soap formation under base-catalyzed process; thus, a direct acid-base protocol was performed 27 . Initially, candlenut oil was mixed with methanol in a 4:1 molar ratio in the presence of 0.700 wt.…”

Comparative Assessment of Choline Chloride-based Deep Eutectic Solvents in the Purification of Lumbang (Aleurites moluccana)-derived Biodiesel

“…(1) 35 where V KOH , the volume of KOH (mL); M KOH , the molar concentration of KOH; MW KOH , the molar weight of KOH, and W oil , the weight (g) of oil sample.…”

“…6B) which can be attributed to water, excess methanol, and partially hydrolyzed triglyceride was observed at 3400 cm -1 . It can be noted that the peak at ~1430 cm -1 arising from deformation vibrations of methyl ester 35 and the peak at ~1200 cm -1 corresponding to methoxy stretching vibrations are frequently observed in methyl ester (biodiesel) but not in its corresponding triglyceride 52 . This difference proves the effective conversion of triglycerides to methyl esters during transesterification.…”

Effect of Model from Candlenut Seed (Aleurites moluccana) to NOx Emission and Combustion Process on Single Cylinder Diesel Engine

“…One of the raw materials that can be utilized to be biodiesel is candlenut. Based on the results of the research [4] biodiesel from candlenut oil was obtained by esterification process to decrease free fatty acid (FFA) content from 7% to 0.8%. The next process is transesterification to separate between glycerol and biodiesel of candlenut oil by using KOH as a catalystt.…”

“…The next process is transesterification to separate between glycerol and biodiesel of candlenut oil by using KOH as a catalystt. [4], explains that the process of making candlenut biodiesel through a fairly simple process. The first process is esterification process to decrease free fatty acids (FFA) level from 7 wt% to 0.8 wt% by using methanol and H2SO4 mixture as a catalyst which then heated at 65 o C. In the second process the transesterification process is done by using a mixture of vinegar and also KOH as much as 1 wt% which then heated at 40 o C for about 60 minutes or until visible glycerol.…”