Production of Bio-Coke from spent mushroom substrate for a sustainable solid fuel

Baharin, Nur Syahirah Kamal; Koesoemadinata, Vidya Cundasari; Nakamura, Shunsuke; Azman, Nadia Farhana; Yuzir, Ali; Akhir, Fazrena Nadia Md; Yahya, Wira Jazair; Othman, Norhayani; Ida, Tamio; Hara, Hirofumi

doi:10.1007/s13399-020-00844-5

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…This indicates that the biocoke had lost ductility, which made it more brittle. Biocoke lost its moisture content during the heating process, which increased the glass transition temperature and reduced the interdiffusion of the polymer compounds (cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose) between particles in the biocoke [47]. According to Arman (2019) [48], moisture is a softening agent of those biopolymers during the densification process.…”

Section: Compressive Strengthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Types and Composition of Biomass in Biocoke Synthesis with the Coal Blending Method

Yustanti

Wardhono

Mursito³

et al. 2021

Energies

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The steelmaking industry requires coke as a reducing agent, as an energy source, and for its ability to hold slag in a blast furnace. Coking coal as raw coke material is very limited. Studying the use of biomass as a mixture of coking coal in the synthesis of biocoke is necessary to reduce greenhouse gas coal emissions. This research focuses on biomass and heating temperature through the coal blending method to produce biocoke with optimal mechanical properties for the blast-furnace standard. The heating temperature of biomass to biochar was evaluated at 400, 500, and 600 °C. The blending of coking coal with biochar was in the compositions of 95:5, 85:15, and 75:25 wt.%. A compacting force of 20 MPa was employed to produce biocoke that was 50 mm in diameter and 27 mm thick using a hot cylinder dye. The green sample was heated at 1100 °C for 4 h, followed by quenching with a water medium, resulting in dense samples. Increasing heating temperature is generally directly proportional to an increase in fixed carbon and calorific value. Biocoke that meets several blast-furnace criteria is a coal mixture with coconut-shell charcoal of 85:15 wt.%. Carbonization at 500 °C, yielding fixed carbon, calorific value, and compressive strength, was achieved at 89.02 ± 0.11%; 29.681 ± 0.46 MJ/kg, and 6.53 ± 0.4 MPa, respectively. This product meets several criteria for blast-furnace applications, with CRI 29.8 and CSR 55.1.

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Section: Compressive Strengthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Types and Composition of Biomass in Biocoke Synthesis with the Coal Blending Method

Yustanti

Wardhono

Mursito³

et al. 2021

Energies

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“…The combustion duration is 200 s, and wood pellets have a low combustion temperature of 593 C. With the conversion of the palm wastes at a temperature of 170 C , the bio-coke obtained has a density of 1.3 g/cm 3 , with high mechanical strength and high calorific value than that of the wood pellets. 6…”

Section: Research On Palm Oil Wastementioning

confidence: 99%

Meeting the sustainable development goals in a tropical climate

Zakaria

2020

J Chinese Chemical Soc

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This article reflects on the Federation of Asian Chemical Societies (FACS) Citation Award Lecture delivered in the Industrial Technology Research Institute Symposium on CO 2 Utilization and Green Technology during the 18th Asian Chemical Congress held in Taipei, December 12, 2019. Malaysia produces sizable amounts of palm oil and palm kernel oil, with palm fronds and tree trunks as the main waste. At the Malaysia Japan International Institute of Technology, the biomass was decomposed to produce fine chemicals, used as substrate for mushroom growth, and converted to bio-coke for heat energy. A notable difference has been found regarding the emission of greenhouse gases from a natural peat forest and those from the oil palm plantation converted from peatlands, where in the palm plantation, water table is lowered and aerobic processes occurs, resulting in more CO 2 being released compared to CH 4. The introduction of fertilizers to the plantation resulted in more N 2 O being released. The team has also pioneered a project to plant temperate vegetables. Cooling pipes (16-18 C with circulating water cooled by chiller) were embedded within each thermal conditioning soil plot. Lettuce and radish, the experimental plants, showed good growth in the thermal conditioning soil due to nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which were destroyed at a higher temperature. K E Y W O R D S bioorganic chemistry, green chemistry 2 | CHALLENGES IN RECENT UNSUSTAINABLE PRACTICES Recent unsustainable practice was detected with a toxic pollution incident on March 7, 2019, where illegal chemical waste was dumped at the Kim Kim River in Pasir Gudang of Johor in Malaysia. The marine oil waste emitted flammable methane and benzene fumes. The

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“…According to Fuchigami et al [2], the application of biocoke could reduce 2.16 tons of carbon dioxide emission compared to coal-coke. Most of the research utilized agricultural biomass to create biocokes, such as rice straw, rice husk, palm oil residues, mushroom spent, orange and banana peel [3] [4] [5]. However, the primary feedstock target has been limited to plant and wood biomass, whereas algal biomass is rarely used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of biocoke from microalgae powder

Ang

Koesoemadinata

Khudzari

et al. 2023

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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Biocoke has been invented to replace commercial coke in order to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels. However, the main target of the feedstock has been limited to plant and wood biomass, while algal biomass is rarely used. This work evaluated four microalgae species: Chlorella, Nannochloropsis, Diatoms, and Aurantiochytrium as the feedstocks to produce biocokes. The production of the biocoke was set to 100°C at 20 MPa for 6 mins 20 secs. Based on visual observation, the color of the biocokes produced was darker than the microalgae powder due to the Maillard reaction. This study suggested that the Chlorella and Nannochloropsis biocoke have the potential to produce the biocoke due to their oleaginous characteristic. Nannochloropsis had a higher apparent density than Chlorella biocoke. However, the Chlorella had a higher compression strength of 37.55MPa, compared to Nannochloropsis (27.70MPa). Meanwhile, Aurantiochythrium biocoke had an irregular shape and was sticky due to the high lipid content in the species. The Diatoms biocoke was hard but chalky due to its silica shell on the microalgae cell. Therefore, the Aurantiochythrium and Diatoms were not suitable for producing the biocokes.

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Production of Bio-Coke from spent mushroom substrate for a sustainable solid fuel

Cited by 14 publications

References 31 publications

Types and Composition of Biomass in Biocoke Synthesis with the Coal Blending Method

Types and Composition of Biomass in Biocoke Synthesis with the Coal Blending Method

Meeting the sustainable development goals in a tropical climate

Production of biocoke from microalgae powder

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