Production of Basidiomata and Ligninolytic Enzymes by the Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes), in Licuri (Syagrus coronata) Wastes in Brazil

Abstract

Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal mushroom with different forms of bioactivity that has been used in popular medicine for centuries. This study aimed to test the application of agricultural wastes (fruit shells, leaves, and bracts) from the endemic Brazilian palm tree Syagrus coronata (licuri) as substrates for the production of G. lucidum basidiomata and ligninolytic enzymes via solid-state fermentation. The best culture conditions were the same for all substrates (pH 6.5, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio = 40, and temperature 30°C) and were established from preliminary assays. The yield was not significantly different for bracts (33.53 g/kg) and leaves (37.48 g/kg), nor for the biological efficiency in these same substrates: bracts, 3.35%; leaves, 3.75%. The highest laccase (13.80 U/L) and manganese peroxidase (14.92 U/L) activities were achieved after 14 and 28 days of incubation, respectively, using bracts as the substrate. Licuri residues are then potential substrates to be used in the bioconversion process for mycelia, basidiomata, and ligninolytic enzyme production by G. lucidum.

Pure lignin induces overexpression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) encoding genes and brings insights into the lignocellulose depolymerization by Trametes villosa

“…Absorbances of 420 nm and 610 nm were used to evaluate the activity of Lac and MnP, respectively. The production of both enzymes was expressed in U/L by applying equation U/L = ΔAbs x 10 6 /Ɛ x R x t, according to Almeida De Menezes et al [ 37 ]. The statistical analyses were carried out using the software GraphPad Prism version 7.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, California, USA) applying analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's post-test.…”

Biological Potential of Products Obtained from Palm Trees of the Genus Syagrus

“…In addition to the pharmacological properties already mentioned in this article, plants of the Syagrus genus still have other possible applications (Table 2) [13,14,[70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80], mainly due to their chemical composition. e areas that stand out the most are biotechnology, for biodiesel production at an equal quality or better than the biodiesels on the market.…”

“…ese secondary metabolites are produced under specific abiotic stress and pathogenic attacks, thus the production of these chemicals is a form of protection to the plant [10,11]. In addition to those plants and their secondary metabolites pharmacological properties, some plants used in traditional medicine are also exploited in their areas, such as biotechnology, for the production of biodiesel, enzymes, bioremediation, and others, therefore expanding the dimension to humanity's usage of plants [12][13][14].…”

Exploring the Diversity and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Degrading Potential of Epiphytic Fungi on Hornbeams from Chronically Polluted Areas

“…This might be explained by the fact that Ganoderma sp. lives on the bark of trees and uses these hydroxyl radicals to degrade lignin [76]. However, in case the phyllosphere fungi producing the hydroxyl radicals on the leaves, the concentration cannot be too high otherwise the plant tissues might be subject to oxidative stress.…”