Production of ammonia as potential hydrogen carrier: Review on thermochemical and electrochemical processes

Juangsa, Firman Bagja; Irhamna, Adrian Rizqi; Aziz, Muhammad

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.01.214

Cited by 104 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“… 1 − 4 Ammonia is composed of three hydrogen atoms and one nitrogen atom, and it can be utilized as a potential hydrogen carrier for fuel cells. 5 − 7 Ammonia can be stored and transported more efficiently and safely than hydrogen because of its easy liquefication and high specific mass density of hydrogen atoms. 8 In addition, ammonia has become a great candidate as a working fluid in adsorption heat pumps (AHPs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic Effect of MIL-101/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites on High-Pressure Ammonia Uptake

et al. 2022

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Ammonia has emerged as a potential working fluid in adsorption heat pumps (AHPs) for clean energy conversion. It would be necessary to develop an efficient adsorbent with high-density ammonia uptake under high gas pressures in the low-temperature range for waste heat. Herein, a porous nanocomposite with MIL-101(Cr)-NH 2 (MIL-A) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was developed to enhance the ammonia adsorption capacity over high ammonia pressures (3–5 bar) and low working temperatures (20–40 °C). A one-pot hydrothermal reaction could form a two-dimensional sheet-like nanocomposite where MIL-A nanoparticles were well deposited on the surface of rGO. The MIL-A nanoparticles were shown to grow on the rGO surface through chemical bonding between chromium metal centers in MIL-A and oxygen species in rGO. We demonstrated that the nanocomposite with 2% GO showed higher ammonia uptake capacity at 5 bar compared with pure MIL-A and rGO. Our strategy to incorporate rGO with MIL-A nanoparticles would further be generalizable to other metal–organic frameworks for improving the ammonia adsorption capacity in AHPs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic Effect of MIL-101/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites on High-Pressure Ammonia Uptake

et al. 2022

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“…Its production is mainly synthesized in large-scale plants at a rate of 150 to 180 million tons per year, increasing by 2.3% per year [1]. Ammonia is also attracting attention as a renewable energy carrier since it can be synthesized from hydrogen obtained by water electrolysis using surplus electricity from solar and wind power generation [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the Haber-Bosch process, a typical method for industrial ammonia synthesis, Fe-based catalysts have been used for more than 100 years, and the addition of alkali metals enhances their activity [5]. In industrial processes, Fe-based catalysts synthesize ammonia at 400-600°C and 100-300 atm [2,5]. These severe conditions are due to the very high binding energy of the N2 molecule (945 kJ mol -1 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, Ru-based catalysts reported in recent years exhibit high activity and durability under surprisingly mild conditions on a laboratory scale by suppressing hydrogen poisoning of Ru [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. These excellent Ru-based catalysts are expected to be applied to an ammonia synthesis plant that can be constructed compactly and inexpensively [2,21]. This smaller plant will reduce transportation costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The microkinetics of ammonia synthesis: the effect of surface coverage on apparent activation energy and reaction order

Morimoto

Ogawa

Ishihara

2022

Preprint

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We investigated the coverage effect on the experimental results using Ru and Ru+K for ammonia synthesis at 0.1 MPa and 380~460℃. Especially for Ru+K, the reaction order changed significantly with temperature, and the rate-limiting step was also affected by temperature. The apparent activation energy decreased as the gas flow rate decreased, even when the total pressure was the same. We showed through experimental techniques that even relatively small changes in experimental conditions on a laboratory scale can change the coverage and have a non-negligible effect on the reaction order and apparent activation energy.

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“…According to the Centre for European Policy Studies, approximately 80% of global ammonia production is used as fertilizer [10]. Ammonia has been considered as a good means of hydrogen transportation as the hydrogen market has increased [11][12][13][14][15]. Although ammonia is conventionally produced from fossil fuels like natural gas or coal (called brown ammonia), it should be produced from renewable energies when it is utilized as a hydrogen energy carrier to combat global warming [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Evaluation of an Ammonia-Fueled Ammonia Carrier Depending on Methods of Ammonia Fuel Storage

Seo¹,

Han²

2021

Energies

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This study proposed two concepts for ammonia fuel storage for an ammonia-fueled ammonia carrier and evaluated these concepts in terms of economics. The first concept was to use ammonia in the cargo tank as fuel and the second concept was to install an additional independent fuel tank in the vessel. When more fuel tanks were installed, there was no cargo loss. However, there were extra costs for fuel tanks. The target ship was an 84,000 m3 ammonia carrier (very large gas carrier, VLGC). It traveled from Kuwait to South Korea. The capacity of fuel tanks was 4170 m3, which is the required amount for the round trip. This study conducted an economic evaluation to compare the two proposed concepts. Profits were estimated based on sales and life cycle cost (LCC). Results showed that sales were USD 1223 million for the first concept and USD 1287 million for the second concept. Profits for the first and second concepts were USD 684.3 million and USD 739.5 million, respectively. The second concept showed a USD 53.1 million higher profit than the first concept. This means that the second concept, which installed additional independent fuel tanks was better than the first concept in terms of economics. Sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate the influence of given parameters on the results. When the ammonia fuel price was changed by ±25%, there was a 15% change in the profits and if the ammonia (transport) fee was changed by ±25%, there was a 45% change in the profits. The ammonia fuel price and ammonia (cargo) transport fee had a substantial influence on the business of ammonia carriers.

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Production of ammonia as potential hydrogen carrier: Review on thermochemical and electrochemical processes

Cited by 104 publications

References 91 publications

Synergistic Effect of MIL-101/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites on High-Pressure Ammonia Uptake

Synergistic Effect of MIL-101/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites on High-Pressure Ammonia Uptake

The microkinetics of ammonia synthesis: the effect of surface coverage on apparent activation energy and reaction order

Economic Evaluation of an Ammonia-Fueled Ammonia Carrier Depending on Methods of Ammonia Fuel Storage

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