“…Applications of DFSS vary from manufacturing (Jou et al , 2010; Shahin, 2008) to service (El-Haik and Roy, 2005; Yang et al , 2018). Besides that, some Six Sigma studies focus on the relationship between Six Sigma and lean production (Näslund, 2008; Patel and Patel, 2021) and the implementation of Lean Six Sigma (LSS) (Algassem et al , 2014; Antony et al , 2012b; Bhat et al , 2014; Bonilla et al , 2008; Delgado et al , 2010; Isa and Usmen, 2015; Kumar et al , 2019; Sunder et al , 2018; Wang and Chen, 2012). LSS, a powerful framework in which lean production and Six Sigma complement each other for eliminating process waste and variation together, has been recognized as an effective management tool for improving organizational performance.…”