Production efficiency and the role of collective actions among irrigated rice farms in Northern Thailand.

Participatory irrigation management, social capital, and efficiency in rice production. Understanding the linkage in the case of irrigated rice farms in Northern Thailand

“…These capitals are often in the form of financial, human, natural, and physical capital, wherein an efficient combination of these capitals as factors in production determines the farming outcomes. Previous studies investigating factors affecting farmers' productivity focus on the effects of financial, human, natural, and physical capital together with farmers’ sociodemographic characteristics [ 29 , 35 , 36 ].…”

“…Despite the widespread adoption of Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) for shared resource management in irrigation projects, as evidenced by its application in countries such as Pakistan, India, and the Philippines, challenges persist in its implementation, including issues with defection, low participation rates, and illegal operation of irrigation infrastructure [ 9 , 26 , 27 ]. While previous studies have explored various factors that may contribute to the successful implementation of PIM, such as conflict resolution [ 28 ], group meetings [ 28 , 29 ], social capital [ 16 , 30 ], human capital [ 31 ], and institutional factors [ 32 ], there remains a gap in the research regarding the interrelationships between PIM, collective irrigation, and their impact on farm production. Therefore, this study fills this gap by examining the direct and indirect effects of the interplay between social capital, PIM implementation, and production efficiency.…”

Alternate Wetting and Drying as Water-Saving Technology: An Adoption Intention in the Perspective of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) Suburban Rice Farmers in Thailand

“…Several irrigated rice farms often experience water shortages during the dry season, especially in downstream areas [25,26]. Integrating AWD under Q-GAP or into farmers' water management practices could allow better water allocation.…”

“…Enriquez [14] views AWD adoption as viable to a collective organization such as farmer groups (e.g., cooperatives, GAP farmers) to minimize transaction costs. Several studies on water user groups along irrigation systems with high interrelationships among group members exhibit a high level of participation in collective action in irrigation management [25,30,31].…”

Effects of alternate wetting and drying water management and rice straw incorporation on sustainable rice production under rainy season conditions in central Thailand

“…The revenue from the grain was based on the unit rice price multiplied by the yield of rice. The unit rice price was determined as USD 212/t for conventional rice and USD 347/t for organic rice (Llones et al, 2022). The gross margin was calculated from the total revenue minus the total production cost.…”