Production, characterization, and cytotoxicity of calcium phosphate ceramics derived from the bone of meagre fish, Argyrosomus regius

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite ceramics derived from organic materials have similar physical properties and chemical content to stoichiometric hydroxyapatite ceramics produced via synthetic routes. The focus of the current study is to produce hydroxyapatite ceramics from meagre fish bones via calcination method. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first report in which the meagre fish bones are used to produce hydroxyapatite. The effect of calcination temperature on the phase content, chemical composition, microstructure, and cytotoxic properties of hydroxyapatite ceramics produced from the bones of meagre fish, Argyrosomus regius, was investigated. Thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis of the raw fish bones was performed over a temperature range of 20-1100°C under air atmosphere with a heating rate of 10°C/min. The total mass loss at this temperature range was about 59% for the fish bone. Thermal analysis of the sample exhibited a three major weight change stage. Calcination was performed in an air atmosphere at different calcination temperatures ranging from 800 to 1100°C for 1 h. XRD analyses of the calcined fish bones revealed that the hydroxyapatite and whitlockite phases were formed at all calcination temperatures. Significantly marked alterations were observed at the microstructure of the samples depending on the calcination temperature. Scanning electron microscopy investigations revealed that nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite particles were achieved at 800°C. As the calcination temperature was increased, particle size of the calcium phosphate phase was also increased and reached to approximately 1 μm for the sample calcined at 1100°C. Cytotoxicity evaluation of the hydroxyapatite carried out using XTT assay demonstrated that the materials are non-cytotoxic at concentrations up to 100 mg/ml.

Extraction of natural hydroxyapatite for biomedical applications—A review

“…The material was also pretreated using acetone [ 94 ], alkali treatment [ 95 , 97 ], and a combination of both [ 98 ]. The majority of works in the literature employed calcination as the extraction method [ 94 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 ], while others used alkaline hydrolysis [ 95 ] and precipitation [ 96 ]. Table 4 summarizes the pretreatment and calcination parameters used in processing fish bone/scale.…”

“…In other work, Aydin et al. [ 100 ] used bone of meagre fish to produce hydroxyapatite from natural source. The fish bone was calcined at temperature between 800 °C and 1100 °C.…”

“…In this phase, the cell activities outside the living organism were carefully examined. Almost all the literature found in the Scopus database since 2017 ( Table 7 ) performed in vitro evaluations using simulate body fluid (SBF) and/or various cell types on hydroxyapatite from porcine bone [ 90 ], bovine bone [ 91 , 92 ], fish bone [ 94 , 95 , 97 , 100 ], fish scale [ 96 ], eggshell [ 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 108 ], oyster shell [ 109 ], seashell [ 111 ], cockle shell [ 112 ], and snail shell [ 113 ]. Analysis revealed that the synthesized hydroxyapatite enhanced the apatite formation, making it similar to human bone.…”

“…Due to the plentiful natural resources, hydroxyapatite manufacturing will be more affordable in the near future. Early studies on the characteristics of hydroxyapatite produced from eggshell and fish bone have yielded encouraging findings [ 98 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 ]. The microscopic organisation and structure of a tissue made of fish bone and hydroxyapatite produced from eggshells have been studied, and the results have demonstrated similar efficacy to that of commercially available materials.…”

Antibacterial Properties of Scallop Shell Derived Calcium Hydroxide Powders

“…11 Seafood industry wastes are valuable materials that can be used as a starting material to synthesize engineering materials that can be used in a wide variety of industrial applications. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] However, these materials are not utilized in most cases as a natural raw material source and are not recycled on a large scale to produce high-value-added industrial products. Recently intensive research is performed to utilize the scallop shells to achieve calcium-containing inorganic materials that can be used in various commercial applications.…”