Production, Characterisation and Fatty Acid Composition of <i>Jatropha curcas</i> Biodiesel as a Viable Alternative to Conventional Diesel Fuel in Nigeria

Abstract

Ethyl ester biodiesel has been produced from a non-edible Jatropha curcas oil. Oil was extracted from the plant seed using n-hexane at 60˚C and pretreated by alkaline refining process to reduce the free fatty acid level to less than 1%. Base-catalysed transesterification reaction with absolute ethanol using potassium hydroxide catalyst was adopted for the conversion. Various physicochemical properties of the refined Jatropha curcas oil were investigated. The ethyl ester biodiesel produced was characterised for its fuel properties such as specific gravity at 15˚C, flash point, pour point, kinematic viscosity, cetane number, iodine value and higher heating value using American Society for Testing and Materials Standard Methods. The crude and refined Jatropha curcas oil yields were 58.16% and 52.5%. The physicochemical analysis revealed FFA, saponification value and peroxide value of refined Jatropha curcas oil to be 0.58 mg KOH/g, 159.9 and 1.92 m E/kg respectively. The fatty acid composition obtained from gas chromatography (GC) revealed that the oil contained 44.85% oleic acid as the dominant fatty acid, while Margaric 0.01% and Behenic 0.02% the least. The biodiesel yield was 57.6%, and its measured fuel properties conformed with ASTM 6751 and EN 14214 standards.

Propiedades químicas del aceite de cinco genotipos de Jatropha curcas L., en Colombia

“…La acidez del aceite de JC es una propiedad química que presenta una alta variación con una amplitud de 0,92 a 6,16 mg KOH g -1 y una media de 3,0 mg KOH g -1 (Rodríguez-Acosta et al, 2010). En este trabajo, el aceite de los genotipos de JC estudiados los valores de índice de acidez variaron entre 0,54 y 0,72 mg KOH g -1 , datos que fueron menores a los valores reportados por otros estudios en el aceite de JC con 2,73 mg KOH g -1 (García-Muentes et al, 2018), 4,24 mg KOH g -1 (Adebowale & Adedire, 2006), 4,56 mg KOH g -1 (Azeez et al, 2019;Ikyenge et al, 2019), 12,78 mg KOH g -1 (Ong et al, 2013) y 22,76 mg KOH g -1 (Mehmood et al, 2019) y un caso atípico con un valor significativamente alto de 27,78 mg KOH g -1 (Aigba et al, 2021). En todos los casos, el índice de acidez del aceite de los cinco genotipos estudiados estuvo cercano a los límites permisibles en las normas ASTM D6751 y EN 14214 para biodiésel (Sanjid et al, 2013).…”

“…Los valores obtenidos de índice de yodo expresado en mg g -1 , estuvieron dentro del rango reportado por Atchen et al ( 2008) de 92-112 con una media de 101. Asimismo, estos tuvieron similitud con los valores reportados de 93,0 (Azam et al, 2005), 96,0 (Naresh et al, 2012), 82,0-98,0 (Belagur & Chitimi, 2013), 90,0 (Crane et al, 2005) y 99,20 (Azeez et al, 2019), pero fueron diferentes a otros trabajos que mostraron resultados de 75,2 (Ansari et al, 2011), 71.5 (Azam et al, 2005), 106,1 (Ikyenge et al, 2019), 111,6 (Adebowale & Adedire, 2006, 103,0 (Marutani et al, 2018), 110,0 (Ita et al, 2018), hasta valores más disímiles de 177,63 (Mehmood et al, 2019) y 216,2 (Akminul et al, 2013). Cuando el índice de yodo es bajo (26 a 48), el aceite está saturado y tiende a solidificarse, pero si aumenta de 94 a 135, el nivel de insaturaciones aumenta en las cadenas carbono, el aceite permanece líquido y esto repercute en la viscosidad.…”

“…(2010) de 43,0 cetanos y porAzeez et al (2019) de 41,0 cetanos. El aceite de JC en Colombia ha mostrado valores de Cuadro 3.…”

Potential of power generation from chicken waste-based biodiesel, economic and environmental analysis: Bangladesh’s perspective

“…[8,9,11,21,27]. In HOMER, for determining COE of diesel and biodiesel, different chemical properties and prices are collected from previous experimental research studies from reports, technical data and research articles discussed on [8,11,12,18,20,21]. As chicken skin fat is a daily-basis waste in Bangladesh and free of cost to collect, biodiesel derived from chicken waste has been considered as nearly half of cost of diesel based on the current scenario of market price in Bangladesh [11,12].…”

“…In Nigeria, from Jatropa Carcus biodiesel is extracted and is compared with conventional diesel. The yield of biodiesel from J. Carcus is 57.6% that is increased than before [18]. In Malaysia, spent coffee ground was studied as a potential source of oil feedstock for biodiesel production as an alternative waste utilization instead of being disposed as municipal waste [19].…”