Production and Processing of a Spherical Polybutylene Terephthalate Powder for Laser Sintering

Kleijnen, Rob G.; Schmid, Manfred; Wegener, Konrad

doi:10.3390/app9071308

Cited by 37 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…[154c] Polyolefin powders can alternatively be produced by melt emulsification. [156] Melt emulsification is currently being used by ASPECT, an SLS material supplier, to produce spherical PP powders which are commercialized as Asphia PP. [133] PE is a commodity polymer that has lower melting temperatures than PP, and is typically classified by its density and chain branching.…”

Section: (29 Of 54)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress on Polymer Materials for Additive Manufacturing

Tan

Zhu

Zhou

2020

Adv Funct Materials

443

238

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Additive manufacturing (AM) is the process of printing 3D objects in a layer-by-layer manner. Polymers and their composites are some of the most widely used materials in modern industries and are of great interest in the field of AM due to their vast potential for various applications, especially in the medical, aerospace, and automotive industries. Many studies have been conducted to develop new polymer materials for AM techniques, which include vat photopolymerization, material jetting, powder bed fusion, material extrusion, binder jetting, and sheet lamination. Although several reviews on the development of polymer materials for AM have been published, most of them only focus on a specific application, process, or type of material. Therefore, this article serves to provide a comprehensive review on the progress in polymer material development for AM techniques. It begins with an introduction to different AM techniques, followed by highlighting the progress of their development. Material requirements, notable advances in newly developed materials and their potential applications are discussed in detail and summarized. This review concludes by identifying the major challenges currently encountered in using AM for polymer materials and providing insights into the valuable opportunities it presents, in hopes of spurring further development in this field.

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Section: (29 Of 54)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress on Polymer Materials for Additive Manufacturing

Tan

Zhu

Zhou

2020

Adv Funct Materials

443

238

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“…Metals and metal-alloys are processed using direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) since most of them, such as titanium and its alloys, have high melting points. When the technology is applied solely to polymers, then it is referred to as PLS [9]. In PLS, complex 3D components are manufactured through the coalescence of layers of the materials using a high-energy laser beam.…”

Section: Polymer Laser Sinteringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the material range remains limited due to the stringent processing requirements, as well as the challenge of powder degradation due to high processing temperatures. Besides, in PLS, about 80-90 percent of the powder charge is not used in printing of components [9]. Therefore, there is a need to reuse this high percentage of unused powder in order to avoid wastes and due to its high cost [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Methods Used to Reduce the Effects of High Temperature Associated with Polyamide 12 and Polypropylene Laser Sintering

Mwania

Maringa

Walt

2020

Advances in Polymer Technology

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The polymer laser sintering (PLS) process is one of the most promising additive manufacturing (AM) technologies for polymeric materials. However, the technique has challenges because the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of the polymeric powder deteriorate due to the high temperatures prevailing in the build chamber during manufacture. These high temperatures cause agglomeration of powder, which leads to a decrease in the flowability of powder. There is also a related drop in the coalescence of the powder granules during PLS, which results in porosity that undermines the mechanical integrity of printed parts. Moreover, the viscosity of the melt increases due to cross-linking of molecular chains. This, in turn, increases the tensile strength of the printed components at the expense of the percentage elongation at break. Thus, high prolonged processing temperatures decrease the reusability of polymeric materials used in PLS. In this paper, a review of the studies conducted to investigate ways of reducing the effects of high temperature on polymeric powders is presented.

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“…Wegner et al [25] reported powder bed fusion of PBT powders led to high modulus of up to 3000 MPa, but the strength values were below 40-45 MPa and the elongation-to-break was 1%-2%. Kleijnen et al [26] made a PBT powder for powder bed fusion that had a processing window of only 7.6 • C, and printing simple bars was difficult enough, due to curl. The bars that could be printed showed a modulus of 2211 MPa, a strength of 20.3 MPa, and an elongation-to-break of 1%.…”

Section: Pet Versus Other Thermoplastics For Powder Bed Fusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Powder—A Versatile Material for Additive Manufacturing

AlFayez

Ahmed

et al. 2019

Polymers

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The 3D printing of articles by the effect of a directed laser beam on a plastic powder is a demanding process, and unlike injection molding, very few polymers work well enough with it. Recently, we reported that poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) powder has intrinsically good properties for 3D printing. Basic mechanical properties were shown earlier and it was demonstrated that unfused but heat-exposed PET powder does not degrade quickly allowing good re-use potential. In this work, we conducted a detailed comparison of the mechanical properties of PET and polyamide 12 from different build orientations. PET powders with two different molecular weights were used. With the high molecular weight powder, the processing parameters were optimized, and the printed bars showed little difference between the different orientations, which means there is low anisotropy in mechanical properties of built parts. Based on processing experience of the first powder, the second powder with a lower molecular weight was also very printable and complex parts were made with ease from the initial printing trials; since the process parameters were not optimized then, lower mechanical properties were obtained. While the intrinsic material properties of PET (melting and re-crystallization kinetics) are not the best for injection molding, PET is eminently suitable for powder bed fusion.

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Production and Processing of a Spherical Polybutylene Terephthalate Powder for Laser Sintering

Cited by 37 publications

References 27 publications

Recent Progress on Polymer Materials for Additive Manufacturing

Recent Progress on Polymer Materials for Additive Manufacturing

A Review of Methods Used to Reduce the Effects of High Temperature Associated with Polyamide 12 and Polypropylene Laser Sintering

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Powder—A Versatile Material for Additive Manufacturing

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