Production and Actions of Estrogens

Gruber, Christian J.; Tschugguel, Walter; Schneeberger, Christian; Huber, Johannes

doi:10.1056/nejmra000471

Cited by 922 publications

(711 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…Others have demonstrated that UECs express E 2 receptors (ERs) α and β to regulate uterine function during the reproductive cycle and pregnancy (for review, see ref. 53). Rather than affecting a limited number of genes, recent studies have demonstrated that when labeled cRNAs derived from uterine tissues were hybridized with U95Av2 GeneChips (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA), E 2 significantly activated or repressed, by at least 1.74-fold, a total of 228 genes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estradiol selectively regulates innate immune function by polarized human uterine epithelial cells in culture

et al. 2008

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The goal of this study was to examine the role of E 2 in regulating innate immune protection by human uterine epithelial cells (UECs). Recognizing that UECs produce cytokines and chemokines to recruit and activate immune cells as well as viral and bacterial antimicrobials, we sought to examine the effect of E 2 on constitutive and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist (lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and poly (I:C))-induced immune responses. The secretion by polarized UECs in culture of interleukin (IL)-6, macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF), and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) was examined as well as the mRNA expression of human β-defensin-2 (HBD2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-8, and nuclear factor (NF)-kB. When incubated with E 2 for 24-48 h, we found that E 2 stimulated UEC secretion of SLPI (fourfold) and mRNA expression of HBD2 (fivefold). Moreover, when antibacterial activity in UEC secretions was measured using Staphylococcus aureus, E 2 increased the secretion of soluble factor(s) with antibacterial activity. In contrast, E 2 had no effect on constitutive secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by UECs but completely inhibited LPS-and poly (I:C)-induced secretion of MIF, IL-6, and IL-8. Estradiol also reversed the stimulatory effects of IL-1β on mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-8, and NF-kB by 85, 95, and 70%, respectively. As SLPI is known to inhibit NF-kB expression, these findings suggest that E 2 inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines may be mediated through SLPI regulation of NF-kB. Overall, these findings indicate that the production of cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobials by UECs are differentially regulated by E 2 . Further, it suggests that with E 2 regulation, epithelial cells that line the uterine cavity have evolved immunologically to be sensitive to viral and bacterial infections as well as the constraints of procreation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estradiol selectively regulates innate immune function by polarized human uterine epithelial cells in culture

et al. 2008

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“…18 In the majority of women the menstrual cycle averages 28 days, where the day of onset of menstruation is generally referred to as day 1. 19 The cycle can be divided into four phases: menstruation or early follicular phase (days 1-4), late follicular phase (days 5-11), periovulation (days 12-15) and the luteal phase (days [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. 19 The culmination of the follicular phase occurs when ovulation takes place around day 14 or 15.…”

Section: Hormonal Changes During the Menstrual Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the menstrual cycle on determinants of energy balance: a putative role in weight loss attempts

2007

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Women's weight and body composition is significantly influenced by the female sex-steroid hormones. Levels of these hormones fluctuate in a defined manner throughout the menstrual cycle and interact to modulate energy homeostasis. This paper reviews the scientific literature on the relationship between hormonal changes across the menstrual cycle and components of energy balance, with the aim of clarifying whether this influences weight loss in women. In the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle it appears that women's energy intake and energy expenditure are increased and they experience more frequent cravings for foods, particularly those high in carbohydrate and fat, than during the follicular phase. This suggests that the potential of the underlying physiology related to each phase of the menstrual cycle may be worth considering as an element in strategies to optimize weight loss. Studies are needed to assess the weight loss outcome of tailoring dietary recommendations and the degree of energy restriction to each menstrual phase throughout a weight management program, taking these preliminary findings into account.

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“…Both estrogen and raloxifene have been reported to decrease vascular adhesion molecules (Koh et al, 1999;Blum et al, 2000) by binding to estrogen receptors on the vascular endothelium and modulating transcription of these adhesion molecules (Caulin-Glaser et al, 1996). Soy isoflavones are capable of binding to the estrogen receptor and have a similar affinity for the b-isoform (predominant form in vascular tissue) as estradiol (Gruber et al, 2002). By mimicking the effect of a SERM, soy isoflavones may favorably alter Hcy, CRP and adhesion molecules.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By mimicking the effect of a SERM, soy isoflavones may favorably alter Hcy, CRP and adhesion molecules. The isoflavone metabolite equol possesses higher affinity than its precursor daidzein (Gruber et al, 2002); therefore, the ability to produce equol (present in one-third of the population) may result in an augmented effect (Lampe et al, 1998;Xu et al, 2000;Setchell et al, 2002). In addition to the isoflavones, soy protein contains other components, such as phytate and soy peptides, which may also exert an effect on CHD risk factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumption of isoflavone-rich soy protein does not alter homocysteine or markers of inflammation in postmenopausal women

et al. 2007

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Background/Objective: To investigate the effect of soy protein containing isoflavones on homocysteine (Hcy), C-reactive protein (CRP), soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin), soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1). Subject/Methods: In a randomized crossover design, 34 postmenopausal women consumed soy protein isolate (2675 g protein containing 4478 mg isoflavones per day) or milk protein isolate (2675 g protein per day) for 6 weeks each. Fasting blood samples were collected at the end of each diet period and end points analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Concentrations of Hcy, CRP, sE-selectin, sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 were not different between soy and milk diet treatments. Results did not differ by equol production status or by baseline lipid concentration. Adjustment for intake of folate and methionine did not alter the Hcy results. Conclusions: These data suggest that decreasing vascular inflammation and Hcy concentration are not likely mechanisms by which soy consumption reduces coronary heart disease risk.

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Production and Actions of Estrogens

Cited by 922 publications

References 97 publications

Estradiol selectively regulates innate immune function by polarized human uterine epithelial cells in culture

Estradiol selectively regulates innate immune function by polarized human uterine epithelial cells in culture

Impact of the menstrual cycle on determinants of energy balance: a putative role in weight loss attempts

Consumption of isoflavone-rich soy protein does not alter homocysteine or markers of inflammation in postmenopausal women

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