Product Modularity and the Design of Closed-Loop Supply Chains

Krikke, Harold; Blanc, Ieke le; Velde, S.L. van de

doi:10.2307/41166208

Cited by 248 publications

(154 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Many companies are still in stage 1 or 2, but Basel Convention regulation and its follow-up are rapidly promoting stage 3. EPR-based regulations recently advocate stage 4 which allows a better sustainability performance [18,25]. As discussed before, high-level recovery tends to favor markets on the same continent due to low labor intensity, low energy and materials intensity, and the lack of this type of recovery option in the Asian markets which are more geared towards material recycling.…”

Section: Global Scenariosmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is clear evidence from the studies mentioned that high-level closed-loop recovery is also more environmentally friendly then most present practices, as energy efficiency improves compared to virgin production [18,25]. Kerr and Ryan [23] indicate that remanufacturing can reduce resource consumption and waste generation during production, e.g., over the life cycle of a photocopier this reduction can reach up to a factor of 3, with greatest reductions if a product is designed for disassembly and remanufacturing.…”

Section: Ecological Soundnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Handling WEEE waste flows: on the effectiveness of producer responsibility in a globalizing world

Zoeteman

Krikke

Venselaar

2009

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

137

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This paper explores the present and future magnitude of global waste of electrical and electronic equipment flows, and investigates desirable changes in these flows from a sustainable development point of view. Quantitative estimates of present and future e-waste flows between global regions, generating, and processing waste are presented and their driving forces are analyzed. Global e-waste production by households exceeded an annual amount of 20 million tons in 2005. Domestic e-waste generation in China has already climbed dramatically, now equalling the amount generated in Japan. China is second in the world after the USA in landfilling and incineration of ewaste residues. Absolute volumes of recycled e-waste are largest in the EU, followed by Japan. After a period characterized by national disposal practices, a period of global low-level recovery practices has emerged. The paper analyzes exogenous factors, including legislating promoting extended producer responsibility, which are favoring as a next step regionalizing of (reverse) supply chains. Examples on a business level are discussed and critical success factors for applying regional high-level recovery are identified. The analysis shows that in the coming decades, two options will compete on a global scale: (1) a further expansion of the present low-level recovery system of ewaste recycling, and (2) a regional approach with higher level recovery applications. The authors argue that putting businesses, more specifically, the original equipment manufacturers, instead of legislators in the driver seat, will strengthen the opportunities for high-level recovery.

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Section: Global Scenariosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ecological Soundnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Handling WEEE waste flows: on the effectiveness of producer responsibility in a globalizing world

Zoeteman

Krikke

Venselaar

2009

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

137

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“…Krikke et al (2004) present commercial returns as another category, i.e. ones that are linked to the sales process.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Product life-cycle implications for remanufacturing strategies

Östlin

Sundin

Björkman

2009

Journal of Cleaner Production

245

117

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For remanufacturing to be successful, there is a need to gain information on future market needs of remanufactured products, and match this to information on the magnitude of return flows. One of the major issues impacting remanufacturing is in the difficulty of obtaining used products (cores) that are suitable for remanufacturing.. The timing and quantity of product returns is dependent on the type of product. Factors such as the mean product lifetime, rate of technical innovation, and failure rate of components all influence the return rate of products from end-of-use and end-of-life. The balance between product returns and demand for remanufactured products is a function of many variables, where the rate of technological innovation and the expected life of a product are the major influencing characteristics. The main contribution of this paper is the support that is provides in different supply and demand situations. By using a product life-cycle perspective, the supply and demand situations can be foreseen, and support given regarding possible strategies in these situations.Keywords: Remanufacturing, Component Cannibalization, Product Life-cycle, Remanufacturing StrategiesRemanufacturing is an industrial process whereby used/broken-down products (or components) -referred to as "cores" -are restored to useful life. Remanufacturing means that a product is reprocessed or upgraded in an industrial process. During this process, the core passes through a number of remanufacturing operations, e.g. inspection, disassembly, part reprocessing, reassembly, and testing, to ensure it meets the desired product standards . The business concept of remanufacturing is based on the idea that resources that were used in the manufacturing of the product are reused, thereby making remanufacturing advantageous. The reused resources consist of the material in the product, energy, machine time, labour and other costs that have been accumulated in the new production process (Bras & McIntosh, 1999). Remanufacturing can, in many cases, offer superior material recovery due to additional reused resources (Smith & Keoleian, 2004;Sundin, 2004;Lindahl et al., 2006). From an environmental perspective, it is still important to consider the impact of prolonging the life of products with obsolete or polluting technologies. Remanufacturing products with less environmentally-sound technology can have a negative impact, especially if the major environmental impact is concentrated in the use phase (Bras & McIntosh, 1999).The driving forces for using product remanufacturing in product recovery are many (see e.g. Östlin et al., 2008a), just as the barriers against remanufacturing are. These motives and barriers can be both economic and technical. Several researchers have tried to characterise under which conditions remanufacturing is advantageous (see Seitz (2007) for an overview). A main conclusion from these studies is that the motives for remanufacturing a product are very case-dependent (Seitz, 2007). For remanufacturing to be successful,...

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“…These returns are related to consumption, use or distribution of the main product. The common characteristic is that they are not part of the product itself, but contain and/or carry the actual product; an example for this kind of return is remanufactured toner cartridges (Krikke et al, 2004).…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These flows are then -closed‖ by, for example, the remanufacturing operation. One of the major differences between the -forward‖ and the -closed‖ supply chain is that the customer frequently acts both as a customer for remanufactured products and as a supplier of cores to the remanufacturing company (Krikke et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Importance of closed-loop supply chain relationships for product remanufacturing

Östlin

Sundin

Björkman

2008

International Journal of Production Economics

272

129

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Remanufacturing is an industrial process where used products are restored (remanufactured) to useful life. In comparison to manufacturing, remanufacturing has some general characteristics that complicate the supply chain and production system. For example, a company must collect the used products from the customers, and thus the timing and quality of the used products are usually unknown. Remanufacturing companies are dependent on customers to return used products (cores). In this paper, seven different types of closed-loop relationships for gathering cores for remanufacturing have been identified. The relationships identified are ownership-based, service-contract, direct-order, deposit-based, credit-based, buy-back and voluntary-based relationships. Building theory around these different types of relationships, several disadvantages and advantages are described in the paper. By exploring these relationships, a better understanding can be gained about the management of the closedloop supply chain and remanufacturing.

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Product Modularity and the Design of Closed-Loop Supply Chains

Cited by 248 publications

References 8 publications

Handling WEEE waste flows: on the effectiveness of producer responsibility in a globalizing world

Handling WEEE waste flows: on the effectiveness of producer responsibility in a globalizing world

Product life-cycle implications for remanufacturing strategies

Importance of closed-loop supply chain relationships for product remanufacturing

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