Producing Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Review of Sustainable Sources and Future Trends for the EPA and DHA Market

Oliver, Laura; Dietrich, T.; Marañón, Izaskun; Villarán, María Carmen; Barrio, Ramón J.

doi:10.3390/resources9120148

Cited by 122 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 92 publications

(106 reference statements)

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“…A total annual worldwide demand of PUFA was calculated at over 1.27 million tonnes [ 7 ]. In 2019, the global ω-3 market size was evaluated at USD 2.49 billion and a 7% increase is expected over the period 2020–2027 [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autotrophic vs. Heterotrophic Cultivation of the Marine Diatom Cyclotella cryptica for EPA Production

et al. 2021

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Recently, the marketable value of ω-3 fatty acid, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), increased considering their health effects for human consumption. Microalgae are considered a valuable and “green” source of EPA alternative to fish oils, but considerable efforts are necessary for their exploitation at an industrial level. Due to the high operation costs of photoautotrophic microalgae cultivation, heterotrophic growth represents a promising economic solution. Marine diatoms are the major ecological producers of ω-3 fatty acids. Few species of diatoms are capable to grow in the dark using organic carbon sources. The marine diatom Cyclotella cryptica was cultivated for 14 days under photoautotrophic and heterotrophic conditions to define the effects on growth parameters, lipid production, total fatty acids and EPA content. Photoautotrophic conditions led to a total EPA production of 1.6% of dry weight, 12.2 mg L−1 culture and productivity of 0.9 mg L−1 day−1. The heterotrophy cultures reported a total EPA production of 2.7% of dry cell weight, 18 mg L−1 culture, a productivity of 1.3 mg L−1 day−1, which are promising values in the prospective of improving culture parameters for the biotechnological exploitation of dark cultivation. C. cryptica could be a potential candidate for the heterotrophic production of EPA, also considering its robustness, capacity to resist to bacterial contaminations and plasticity of lipid metabolism.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autotrophic vs. Heterotrophic Cultivation of the Marine Diatom Cyclotella cryptica for EPA Production

et al. 2021

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“…Highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) are responsible for survival, maintaining high growth and reproductive rates, as well as high food conversion rates in both marine and freshwater organisms [79]. Arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are examples of HUFA-derived omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) FA typically found in marine fish sources; they originate from the phytoplankton and seaweed that are part of their food chain [80,81]. Several studies have demonstrated that DHA, EPA, and ARA play important roles in the survival and growth of decapod larvae, where a deficit of HUFAs may result in poor growth, lower survival, and prolonged intermolt periods [82].…”

Section: Lipidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Pelleted Diets in Commercially Farmed Decapods during Juvenile Stages: A Review

Aaqillah‐Amr

Hidir

Azra

et al. 2021

Animals

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The increasing market demand for decapods has led to a considerable interest in cultivating decapod species at a larger scale. Following the development of hatchery technologies, most research has focused on the development of formulated feeds for commercially farmed decapods once they enter the juvenile stages. The use of formulated feed for decapods at a commercial scale is still in the early stages. This is probably because of the unique feeding behavior that decapods possess: being robust, slow feeders and bottom dwellers, their feeding preferences change during the transition from pelagic larvae to benthic juveniles as their digestive systems develop and become more complex. The current practice of decapod aquaculture involves the provision of juveniles with food such as natural diet, live feed, and formulated feed. Knowledge of nutrient requirements enables diets to be better formulated. By manipulating the levels of proteins and lipids, a formulated feed can be expected to lead to optimal growth in decapods. At the same time, the pellet’s physical characteristics are important factors to be considered upon formulating commercially farmed decapod feeds, considering the unique feeding behavior of the decapod. However, most published studies on decapod nutrition lack data on the physical characteristics of the feed types. Thus, it is difficult to establish a standard feed formulation that focuses on the physical pellet properties. Moreover, careful consideration must be given to the feeding behavior of species, as decapods are known as bottom feeders and are robust in terms of handling feed. Information on the pellet forms, diet composition, and unique feeding behaviors in commercially farmed decapods is gathered to suggest potential better formulated diets that can optimize growth and reproduction. Thus, the purpose of this review is to summarize the information that has been published to date and to come up with suggestions on ways to improve the feed formulation in decapods that comply with their feeding behavior and nutrient requirements. Further research is needed to explore the potential of the pelleted feed at the adult stage so the decapod can take full advantage of the nutrients present in the pellets.

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“…There are many studies that reflect the importance of these fatty acids in health. Antiinflammatory properties; positive effects on cardiovascular and vision health, diabetes, cancer, immune system improvement, and development of the nervous system; reduced risk of Alzheimer's diseases; and better digestibility are among their recognized properties [12][13][14]. It is important to note their ability to lower plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) (Figure 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Omega-3-Rich Oils from Marine Side Streams and Their Potential Application in Food

Pateiro¹,

Domínguez²,

Varzakas

et al. 2021

Marine Drugs

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Rapid population growth and increasing food demand have impacts on the environment due to the generation of residues, which could be managed using sustainable solutions such as the circular economy strategy (waste generated during food processing must be kept within the food chain). Reusing discarded fish remains is part of this management strategy, since they contain high-value ingredients and bioactive compounds that can be used for the development of nutraceuticals and functional foods. Fish side streams such as the head, liver, or skin or the cephalothorax, carapace, and tail from shellfish are important sources of oils rich in omega-3. In order to resolve the disadvantages associated with conventional methods, novel extraction techniques are being optimized to improve the quality and the oxidative stability of these high-value oils. Positive effects on cardiovascular and vision health, diabetes, cancer, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, and immune system improvement are among their recognized properties. Their incorporation into different model systems could contribute to the development of functional foods, with market benefits for consumers. These products improve the nutritional needs of specific population groups in a scenario where noncommunicable diseases and pandemic crises are responsible for several deaths worldwide.

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Producing Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Review of Sustainable Sources and Future Trends for the EPA and DHA Market

Cited by 122 publications

References 92 publications

Autotrophic vs. Heterotrophic Cultivation of the Marine Diatom Cyclotella cryptica for EPA Production

Autotrophic vs. Heterotrophic Cultivation of the Marine Diatom Cyclotella cryptica for EPA Production

Use of Pelleted Diets in Commercially Farmed Decapods during Juvenile Stages: A Review

Omega-3-Rich Oils from Marine Side Streams and Their Potential Application in Food

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