Producing deceptive actions in sports: The costs of generating head fakes in basketball

Güldenpenning, Iris; Weigelt, Matthias; Böer, Nils Tobias; Kunde, Wilfried

doi:10.1016/j.humov.2022.103045

Cited by 4 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…While in previous years most research focused on investigating the efficiency and boundary conditions of fake actions on the side of the observer (cf. Güldenpenning et al, 2017 for a review), costs of fake actions, which occur on the side of the performer (i.e., fake production costs), have only been sparely investigated (Güldenpenning et al, 2023 ; Kunde et al, 2019 ; Wood et al, 2017 ). The present study aims to further contribute to the understanding of fake production costs using the example of head fakes in basketball.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Practice reduces the costs of producing head fakes in basketball

Böer,

Weigelt,

Schütz

et al. 2023

Psychological Research

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Previous research indicates that performing passes with a head fake in basketball leads to increased response initiation times and errors as compared to performing a pass without a head fake. These so-called fake production costs only occurred when not given the time to mentally prepare the deceptive movement. In the current study, we investigated if extensive practice could reduce the cognitive costs of producing a pass with head fake. Twenty-four basketball novices participated in an experiment on five consecutive days. A visual cue prompted participants to play a pass with or without a head fake either to the left or right side. The cued action had to be executed after an interstimulus interval (ISI) of either 0 ms, 400 ms, 800 ms or 1200 ms, allowing for different movement preparation times. Results indicated higher response initiation times (ITs) and error rates (ERs) for passes with head fakes for the short preparation intervals (ISI 0 ms and 400 ms) on the first day but no difference for the longer preparation intervals (ISI 800 ms and 1200 ms). After only one day of practice, participants showed reduced fake production costs (for ISI 0 ms) and were even able to eliminate these cognitive costs when given time to mentally prepare the movement (for ISI 400 ms). Accordingly, physical practice can reduce the cognitive costs associated with head-fake generation. This finding is discussed against the background of the strengthening of stimulus response associations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a recent study, Güldenpenning et al ( 2023 ) assessed fake production costs of generating head fakes in basketball. They expected to find motor programming costs for a pass with a head fake as compared to a pass without a head fake.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Practice reduces the costs of producing head fakes in basketball

Böer,

Weigelt,

Schütz

et al. 2023

Psychological Research

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“…None of the participants consistently showed a mixture effect for all the 5 days of practice and the number of participants showing a mixture effect didn't change greatly from day 1 to day 5 (6, 6, 5, 7, 5). The analysis also revealed an increasing number of bad effects with increasing practice from day 1 to day 5 (3,7,11,12,12). This increase in bad effects in the mixture model indicates that there might not be a consistent difference between passes with and without head fakes at the ISI 400 ms since an increasing number of participants showed bad effects, meaning they were able to overcome the fake production costs.…”

Section: Mixed Effect Analysesmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…One participant did not show fake production costs at any day of practice at the ISI 400 ms and therefore the mixture analysis could not analyze the data properly (no categorization to mixture or uniform effect possible). The other 15 participants (1,2,3,4,5,6,11,12,13,15,16,18,20,21,22,24) showed statistically signi cant mixture effects by the likelihood ratio test aggregated across all sessions. None of the participants consistently showed a mixture effect for all the 5 days of practice and the number of participants showing a mixture effect didn't change greatly from day 1 to day 5 (6, 6, 5, 7, 5).…”

Section: Mixed Effect Analysesmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Participants A previous study (Güldenpenning et al, 2023) investigating the production of head fakes in basketball suggested a large effect size for the production costs of the fake action as a function of the ISI. For the interaction effect between type of pass, ISI, and day of practice of f = 0.50, a power of 1 − β = 0.90, and an α-value of 0.05, a sample size of at least 24 participants was calculated using G_Power 3.1.9.7 (Faul et al, 2007).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How does practice modulate fake production costs in basketball? Analyses of frequency distributions and mixture effects

Böer,

Schütz,

Weigelt

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The execution of incompatible actions imposes costs on action planning, commonly known as response-response incompatibility costs. This phenomenon is evident in various domains, including the sports context, such as executing head fakes in basketball, where spatially incompatible actions, like a head turn to the right paired with a passing movement to the left, are performed. Building upon prior research demonstrating that extensive practice diminishes the costs associated with producing passes with head fakes (Böer et al., 2023), this paper delves deeper into the underlying mechanisms driving the observed reduction in fake production costs. We employed distribution analyses by fitting individual frequency distributions of initiation times (ITs) to ex-Gaussian distributions. This approach allowed us to discern whether practice predominantly influences the Gaussian part or the exponential part of the distribution. Additionally, we applied mixture effect modeling (Miller, 2006) to explore whether fake production costs manifest occasionally but substantially (mixed effect) or continuously but moderately (uniform effect).The distribution analyses showed that the improvement in participants’ performance and the reduction of fake production costs with increasing practice can mainly be attributed to a reduction of the exponential part of the distribution, indicating an improvement of participants decision-making processes (Whelan, 2008). The analysis of mixture effects revealed that most participants exhibited a uniform effect when they didn’t have time to mentally prepare the movement, indicated by consistent fake production costs which were present in over 75% of trials. This pattern was not changed by practice, suggesting fake production costs can’t be overcome by practice.

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