Producing Biopharmaceuticals in the Desert: Building an Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants for Salt, Heat, and Drought

Gepstein, Shimon; Grover, Anil; Blumwald, Eduardo

doi:10.1002/9783527620982.ch40

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…Plants accumulate compatible solutes, low-molecular-weight organic compounds, which includes amino acids, quaternary amines, sugars, and polyols under stress conditions, especially to osmotic stresses (Gepstein et al 2005 ). These osmolytes have been also known to involve and improve thermotolerance in different ways in plants.…”

Section: Genetic Transformation Using Genes Involved In Synthesis Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Physiology of Heat Stress Responses in Plants

Hemmati

Gupta

Basu

2015

Elucidation of Abiotic Stress Signaling in Plants

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Heat stress is one of the major abiotic stresses that plants encounter. Heat stress causes billions of dollars in losses of agricultural crops worldwide. Here, we summarize the molecular and whole genome responses due to heat stress in plants. It has been reported that there are cascades of biochemical reactions that lead to heat stress. In most cases, heat stress is coupled with drought stress response. With the advancements in genomic tools, we have more information on genes, which are upor down-regulated in plants due to heat stress. The heat-stressed plants may exhibit various physiological responses, including stomatal closure, suppressed photosynthesis, stunted growth, etc. Microarray and transcriptome sequencing gave us the tools to perform genome-wide expression profi ling in heat-stressed plants. Understanding how gene expression in heat-stressed plants works will help us to discover novel heat stress-tolerant genes. These genes could be overexpressed in crop plants to make transgenic heat-tolerant agricultural crops. Climate change and global warming are major concerns for us and production of thermotolerant plants could address the issue of global crop loss due to heat and drought stresses.

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Section: Genetic Transformation Using Genes Involved In Synthesis Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Physiology of Heat Stress Responses in Plants

Hemmati

Gupta

Basu

2015

Elucidation of Abiotic Stress Signaling in Plants

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“…Stress due to salinity is caused by a combination of the level, duration and timing of salinity exposure and it adversely affects the quantity and quality of the crop produce (Blumwald & Grover, ; Gepstein et al, ). In rice, the sensitivity to salinity significantly varies between different growth stages.…”

Section: Defining the Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of microRNAs in rice plant under salt stress

Mittal

Sharma

et al. 2015

Ann Appl Biol

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Soil salinity is one of the most devastating factors threatening cultivable land. While low to moderate salt stress affects the plant growth rate and yields, the high-salt stress conditions are detrimental for plant growth. The problem of salinity is often compounded by mineral deficiencies and toxicities. Rice is essentially rated as salt-sensitive crop and its salt susceptibility is dependent on the growth stage. The genetic processes that are involved in coordinating the responses to salinity in rice are not very clearly understood, but can be somewhat explained by mechanisms that regulate ion homeostasis, osmolyte production, scavenging of toxic radicals, water conduction and root-shoot response coordination. This is achieved by modifying the gene expression. The microRNAs (miRs) represent an important class of endogenous small RNAs that have the potential to regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional levels. This review discusses the impact of salinity on rice crop and the current knowledge in the area of miRs with their role in the adaptive response to salt and other abiotic stresses, with a focus on rice.

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“…mannitol, fructans, sorbitol, trehalose) and sugar alcohols (e.g. polyols) help plants to acclimatize against largely the osmotic stresses (Gepstein et al, 2005). Such compounds are usually referred to as osmolytes.…”

Section: High Temperature Tolerant Transgenics Raised Through Alterinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic engineering for heat tolerance in plants

Singh

Grover

2008

Physiol Mol Biol Plants

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High temperature tolerance has been genetically engineered in plants mainly by over-expressing the heat shock protein genes or indirectly by altering levels of heat shock transcription factor proteins. Apart from heat shock proteins, thermotolerance has also been altered by elevating levels of osmolytes, increasing levels of cell detoxification enzymes and through altering membrane fluidity. It is suggested that Hsps may be directly implicated in thermotolerance as agents that minimize damage to cell proteins. The other three above approaches leading to thermotolerance in transgenic experiments though operate in their own specific ways but indirectly might be aiding in creation of more reductive and energy-rich cellular environment, thereby minimizing the accumulation of damaged proteins. Intervention in protein metabolism such that accumulation of damaged proteins is minimized thus appears to be the main target for genetically-engineering crops against high temperature stress. High temperature-induced gene expression system is one of the best-studied model systems for analyzing induced gene expression. The molecular basis of heat shock (HS) response was revealed for the first time when Ritossa (1962) reported that temperature elevation brings about altered puffing pattern of polytene chromosomes in Drosophila. Tissieres et al. (1974) for the first time showed that the HS condition results in altered protein profile in the Drosophila cells. Further studies established that nearly all organisms, ranging from bacteria to man, respond to HS by synthesizing a new set of proteins called heat shock proteins (Hsp). The HS system has been investigated in great depth using diverse biological systems including microbes (e.g. Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae), animals (e.g. Drosophila melanogaster, Homo sapiens) and plants (e.g. Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Solanum lycopersicon) species. In recent years, detailed understanding has been gained on various components of the heat shock response (HSR) in living organisms including features like heat shock genes/proteins, heat shock promoters and heat shock elements (HSEs), heat shock factors (HSFs), possible receptors of the heat shock response, signaling components and chromatin remodeling aspects (Grover, 2002, Wahid et al., 2007.Plant scientists have a concern in altering the HS response as high ambient temperature is one of the major constraints in obtaining maximum output from the crop plants. Most crops are affected by daily fluctuations in high day and/or night temperatures. While some stages of plant growth may be more sensitive to high temperature than others, there is an overall reduction in plant performance when temperature is higher than the optimal temperature at specific growth stages. Conventional breeding for high temperature stress tolerance has not been much successful due to several reasons like lack of suitable source of genes in sexuallycompatible gene pools, complex nature of the HS trait, lack of understanding on the genetic mech...

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Producing Biopharmaceuticals in the Desert: Building an Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants for Salt, Heat, and Drought

Cited by 16 publications

References 124 publications

Molecular Physiology of Heat Stress Responses in Plants

Molecular Physiology of Heat Stress Responses in Plants

Role of microRNAs in rice plant under salt stress

Genetic engineering for heat tolerance in plants

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