Produced water volumes and management practices in the United States.

Clark, Corrie E.; Veil, J. A.

doi:10.2172/1007397

Cited by 287 publications

(299 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Only 3.8 Gt of CO 2 emissions could be captured from stationary sources 9 , which reduced the equivalent storage volume to 5.4 km 3 . The combined U.S. production rate of crude oil (0.3 km 3 ) and produced water (3.3 km 3 ) in 2007 12 was within around 67% of the annual storage volume required for point-source CO 2 storage. However, because 95% of the produced water is re-injected, the cumulative pore volumes affected and fluid pressure perturbations caused by the oil industry are significantly smaller than those expected from full-scale deployment of GCS in deep formations.…”

Section: Scale Of Por E Volume Needed For Geologic Car Bon Stor Agementioning

confidence: 91%

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On scale and magnitude of pressure build‐up induced by large‐scale geologic storage of CO₂

Zhou

Birkhölzer

2011

Greenhouse Gases

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Abstr actThe scale and magnitude of pressure perturbation and brine migration induced by geologic carbon sequestration is discussed assuming a full-scale deployment scenario in which enough CO 2 is captured and stored to make relevant contributions to global climate change mitigation. In this scenario, the volumetric rates and cumulative volumes of CO 2 injection would be comparable to or higher than those related to existing deepsubsurface injection and extraction activities, such as oil production. Large-scale pressure buildup in response to the injection may limit the dynamic storage capacity of suitable formations, because over-pressurization may fracture the caprock, may drive CO 2 /brine leakage through localized pathways, and may cause induced seismicity. On the other hand, laterally extensive sedimentary basins may be less affected by such limitations because (1) local pressure effects are moderated by pressure propagation and brine displacement into regions far away from the CO 2 storage domain, and (2) diffuse and/or localized brine migration into overlying and underlying formations allows for pressure bleed-off in the vertical direction. A quick analytical estimate of the extent of pressure buildup induced by industrial-scale CO 2 projects is presented. Also discussed are pressure perturbation and attenuation effects simulated for two representative sedimentary basins in the U.S.: the laterally extensive Illinois Basin and the partially compartmentalized southern San Joaquin Basin, California. These studies show that the limiting effect of pressure buildup on dynamic storage capacity is not as significant as suggested by EhligEconomides and Economides 1 , who considered closed systems without any attenuation effects.

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Section: Scale Of Por E Volume Needed For Geologic Car Bon Stor Agementioning

confidence: 91%

“…This ratio increases with time, as shown in Figure 1a. [11][12] and fresh groundwater extraction in the U. S. 13 . All other data are obtained from USEIA 14 .…”

Section: Scale Of Por E Volume Needed For Geologic Car Bon Stor Agementioning

confidence: 99%

On scale and magnitude of pressure build‐up induced by large‐scale geologic storage of CO₂

Zhou

Birkhölzer

2011

Greenhouse Gases

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“…The transport, treatment, and reuse of this produced water, after it is separated from the crude oil, have become crucial waste management and environment issues. The most common means of disposing wastewater from oil and gas production in the United States is through deep well injection-a practice that costs an average of 1 to 4 U.S. dollars per barrel (Clark and Veil, 2009). However, an increasing number of oil and gas companies are taking advantage of using produced water as a component of fracturing fluid for new wells (Huang et al, 2006); this practice could significantly minimize the demand for fresh water and the transportation and handling costs for deep well injection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of solids in produced water from wells fractured with recycled and fresh water

2016

Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering

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CHARACTERIZATION OF SOLIDS IN PRODUCED WATER FROM WELLS FRACTURED WITH RECYCLED AND FRESH WATERWater management is a central issue in oil and gas development. Hydraulic fracturing applied in unconventional tight oil and gas development requires large amounts of water, and the wastewater that results after production--containing high levels of organic and inorganic matter--usually is disposed of through deep well injection. A new approach reuses this produced water as part of subsequent fracturing fluid, an alternative that could significantly reduce both fresh water demand and the cost associated with deep well injection. However, produced water must be treated prior to reuse, to remove most of the suspended solids and multivalent ions that would otherwise cause scale or clogging problems. Understanding the amount and composition of solids in produced water is crucial in achieving optimized treatment and reuse.This study targeted the characterization, both qualitatively and quantitatively, of the solids in produced water from oil and gas operations and the comparison of solids from wells fractured with fresh water and recycled water. Samples were collected from five wells at the Crow Creek and Chandler State pads in the Wattenberg field of Northern Colorado. Wells in the same pad were fractured either with fresh surface water only or with water blended with some portion of recycled produced water. Gravimetric analyses of dissolved and suspended solids were performed, and particle size distributions of suspended solids were measured. Suspended solids also were isolated and characterized with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).Gravimetric analyses showed that total dissolved solids (TDS) averaged about 24000 mg/L and 17000 mg/L for Crow Creek and Chandler State wells, respectively. Total suspended iii solids (TSS) concentrations were much lower, measuring 550 and 260 mg/L for the two pads.About 9 to25 percent of TDS was volatile and 88 to 99 percent of TSS was highly volatile.Particle sizes were high during first few days of production and then stabilized at about 400 nm and 900 nm for wells on the Crow Creek and Chandler State pads, respectively. At the Crow Creek pad, particle sizes were smaller and mono-distributed in produced water samples collected during the first week of production from the well fractured with recycled water, suggesting that the recycled water was more compatible with shale formation and that wells fractured with recycled water tend to clean out faster. XPS tests for isolated suspended solids showed the presence of major elements such as oxygen, carbon, and silicon, along with minor elements such as calcium, magnesium, zirconium, iron, and others. Core-level scanning confirmed that the isolated suspended solids were mainly composed of carbonate based minerals and metal oxides; several iron compounds with different valences were also found in the produced water samples.

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“…According to a report prepared by Argonne National Laboratory and the U. S. Department of Energy, the total volume of produced water from all U. S. oil and gas production is 2.5 trillion cubic meters per year [8]. Accounting for the portion of this attributable to unconventional gas production is difficult, but average federal, onshore water-to-gas ratios are estimated at about 1.46 L/m 3 [8], and according to the EIA [1], tight gas and shale gas together accounted for nearly 60% of U. S. natural gas production in 2011, or about 388 billion cubic meters of gas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treating produced water from hydraulic fracturing: Composition effects on scale formation and desalination system selection

Thiel

Lienhard

2014

Desalination

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Produced water from unconventional gas and oil extraction may be hypersaline with uncommon combinations of dissolved ions. The aim of this analysis is to aid in the selection of produced water treatment technology by identifying the temperature, pH, and recovery ratio under which mineral solid formation from these produced waters is likely to occur. Eight samples of produced water from the Permian Basin and the Marcellus shale are discussed, with an average TDS of about 177 g/L but significant variability. Crystallization potential is quantified by the saturation index, and activity coefficients are calculated using the Pitzer model. The method is applied to estimate solid formation in the treatment of two design case samples: a 183 g/L sample representing the Permian Basin water and a 145 g/L sample representing the Marcellus. Without pretreatment, the most likely solids to form, defined by highest saturation index, are: CaCO 3 , FeCO 3 , MgCO 3 , MnCO 3 , SrCO 3 , BaSO 4 , CaSO 4 , MgSO 4 and SrSO 4 . Some options for mitigating the formation of these scales are discussed. With appropriate pretreatment, it is estimated that recovery ratios of as high as 40-50% are achievable before NaCl, a major constituent, is likely to limit further concentration without significant crystallization.

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Produced water volumes and management practices in the United States.

Cited by 287 publications

References 11 publications

On scale and magnitude of pressure build‐up induced by large‐scale geologic storage of CO₂

On scale and magnitude of pressure build‐up induced by large‐scale geologic storage of CO₂

Characterization of solids in produced water from wells fractured with recycled and fresh water

Treating produced water from hydraulic fracturing: Composition effects on scale formation and desalination system selection

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Produced water volumes and management practices in the United States.

Cited by 287 publications

References 11 publications

On scale and magnitude of pressure build‐up induced by large‐scale geologic storage of CO2

On scale and magnitude of pressure build‐up induced by large‐scale geologic storage of CO2

Characterization of solids in produced water from wells fractured with recycled and fresh water

Treating produced water from hydraulic fracturing: Composition effects on scale formation and desalination system selection

Contact Info

Product

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On scale and magnitude of pressure build‐up induced by large‐scale geologic storage of CO₂

On scale and magnitude of pressure build‐up induced by large‐scale geologic storage of CO₂