Procyanidin B2 prevents dyslipidemia via modulation of gut microbiome and related metabolites in high-fat diet fed mice

Exploring the causal effects of the gut microbiome on serum lipid levels: A two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis

“…All these studies suggest that Terrisporobacter is a pathogenic bacterium. Xiao et al (2020) reported that 8 bacterial genera including Terrisporobacter were significantly and positively correlated to TC, TG, LDL-C, and negatively related to HDL-C. Their study also demonstrated that decreased abundance of Terrisporobacter might increase the levels of phospholipids, purine, carboxylic acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and bile acids. Some of the abovementioned metabolites, for instance, phospholipids ( Henderson et al, 2019 ) and bile acids ( Li and Chiang, 2015 ), have been explicitly shown to be associated with reduced cholesterol levels.…”

Proanthocyanidins: Impact on Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Action Mechanisms in the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome

“…Numerous studies have evaluated the impact of the consumption of PAs from foods or extracts on the GM of animals with diet-induced MS. A critical aspect of these studies is the timing of the introduction of PAs into the diet. In this sense, three alternatives are differentiated: (1) PAs are introduced before starting the consumption of the MS-inducing diet (t < 0) [ 59 ]; (2) PAs are introduced at the same time as the MS-inducing diet (t = 0) [ 12 , 56 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 ]; and (3) PAs are introduced into the diet when the pathology is already established (t > 0) [ 61 , 67 , 68 ]. However, in alternatives 1 and 2 (t < 0 and t = 0), PAs are used as a prevention strategy for MS; alternative 3 (t > 0) deals with a treatment strategy for MS.…”

“…Other bacteria in Table 1 include the phylum of Bacteroidetes , and Coprobacillus genus, because of their beneficial effects. According to Van Hul et al [ 12 ] and Xiao et al [ 64 ], a preventive consumption of PAs (t = 0) increased Bacteroidetes abundance. The phylum Bacteroidetes includes some necessary bacteria for fiber fermentation and is characteristically decreased in different metabolic disorders, such as obesity or T2DM [ 5 ].…”

“…First, bacteria with limited available evidence about their beneficial effects on MS are represented in Table 2 in white. Some authors have reported changes in bacteria of Actinomycetales and Turicibacterales order [ 68 ], Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae family [ 65 ], Barnesiella [ 67 ], Bilophila , Lachnoclostridium [ 64 ] Oscillospira [ 68 ], Proteus [ 64 ] and Ruminococcus [ 68 ] genera, or Adlercreutzia equolifaciens [ 62 , 63 ] and Muribaculum intestinale species [ 62 ] after PA intake. The administration of heat-killed Actinomycetales has been linked to the prevention of obesity and T2DM development in rats [ 76 ].…”

“…Contradictory information is available regarding the Proteobacteria phylum, the Bacteroides and Blautia genera, and Blautia coccoides-Eubacterium rectale and Clostridium leptum groups ( Table 2 , in gray). Liu et al [ 56 ], Lee et al [ 60 ], and later, Xiao et al [ 64 ] referred to the increase in Proteobacteria phylum after PAs preventive consumption (t = 0). The authors defend that the marked increase in this phylum, specifically gamma Proteobacteria , was correlated with goblet cells proliferation and Muc2 expression [ 60 ].…”