Procyanidin B2 ameliorates free fatty acids-induced hepatic steatosis through regulating TFEB-mediated lysosomal pathway and redox state

Protection of procyanidin B2 on mitochondrial dynamics in sepsis associated acute kidney injury via promoting Nrf2 nuclear translocation

“…However, these findings did not rule out the possibility that the effect of PB2 on inhibiting mitochondrial damage was due to indirectly inhibiting excessive ROS. Additionally, recent research found that in free fatty acids-induced hepatic steatosis, PB2 promotes lysosomal-related degradation [ 16 ], a necessary process for damaged mitochondrial degradation in later phase of mitophagy, further suggesting that PB2 may also have a role in promoting the clearance of damaged mitochondria. In addition, considering that ROS is an inducer of mitophagy, the inhibition of ROS by PB2 may reduce the mitophagy flux.…”

“…Procyanidin B2 (PB2), a typical representative of antioxidants, belonging to the class of proanthocyanidin flavonoid polyphenols, are widely distributed among plants such as grape seed, berry fruits, cocoa, and tea, and possesses a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties, such as anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects [ 11 – 13 ]. Previous studies have reported the beneficial effects of PB2 on high glucose-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in podocytes and mesangial cells [ 14 , 15 ], and on promoting lysosomal degradation of substances in hepatic steatosis [ 16 ]. However, it remains unknown whether these beneficial effects associated to ameliorates mitochondria damage and improves impaired mitophagy in severe stress condition.…”

Castanopsis lamontii Water Extract Shows Potential in Suppressing Pathogens, Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Injury

“…Considering that the free radical scavenging activity of PB2 was weaker than EC at the concentration used in this experiment, it could be assumed that PB2 exhibited its antioxidant activity via mechanisms other than directly reacting with free radicals, possibly by having an impact on antioxidant enzymes. According to previous studies, PB2 was capable of increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) [18,19]. Furthermore, it was noteworthy that the antioxidant activities of CLE were much higher than those of EC or PB2 in cell models, suggesting that there were other antioxidant components existing in CLE.…”

Andrographolide Exerts Antihyperglycemic Effect through Strengthening Intestinal Barrier Function and Increasing Microbial Composition of Akkermansia muciniphila

“…Reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide anion radicals (O 2 − ), and glutathione (GSH) are determined according to previously described methods [ 23 , 24 ]. Briefly, cells were seeded into 12-well plates a density of 6 × 10 4 cells/well for 24 h. Cells were treated with andrographolide (2.5 and 5 μ M) for 24 h, followed by treating with LPS (10 μ g/mL) for further 24 h. After incubating with 10 μ M DCFH-DA (for ROS labeling) or 10 μ M DHE (for superoxide anion radical labeling) or 50 μ M NDA (for GSH labeling) for 30 min, cells were washed with PBS twice and then immediately evaluated by fluorescence microscopy.…”

“…After 2 h incubation, the concentration of FITC-dextran in the basolateral compartment was determined by a fluorescence microplate at a wavelength of 495 nm. ), and glutathione (GSH) are determined according to previously described methods [23,24]. Briefly, cells were seeded into 12-well plates a density of 6 × 10 4 cells/well for 24 h. Cells were treated with andrographolide (2.5 and 5 μM) for 24 h, followed by treating with LPS (10 μg/mL) for further 24 h. After incubating with 10 μM…”