Prochlorococcus marinus nov. gen. nov. sp.: an oxyphototrophic marine prokaryote containing divinyl chlorophyll a and b

Chisholm, Sallie W.; Frankel, Sheila L.; Goericke, Ralf; Olson, Robert J.; Palenik, Brian; Waterbury, John; West-Johnsrud, Lisa; Zettler, Erik R.

doi:10.1007/bf00245165

Cited by 405 publications

(262 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…While recent evidence from IronEx suggests that prochlorophytes may not be iron limited (Martin e t al. 1994), the lack of axenic cultures has made laboratory studies of their iron physiology difficult (Chisholm et al 1992).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology of iron-limited cyanobacteria: a review of physiological responses and implications for aquatic systems

Wilhelm¹

1995

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

132

104

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Recent studies have demonstrated that cyanobacteria are capable of responding to low levels of iron availability through alterations in cellular iron requirements and by increasing their ability to scavenge iron from the environment through the activation of siderophore-mediated high-affinity transport systems. The significant amount of evidence In the literature on siderophore production by cyanobacteria suggests that these iron-chelating compounds may b e important in the determination of iron availability in aquatic systems. This review focuses on how cyanobacteria respond to growthlimiting levels of available iron and on how siderophores potentially alter the biological availability of iron in the system thereby allowing the cyanobacteria to e x~s t at low iron availabilities. In the light of recent findings on the amount of organically complexed iron in aquatic systems, it is concluded that the production of siderophores by aquatic organisms may specifically dictate the levels of biologically available iron in some aquatic systems.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology of iron-limited cyanobacteria: a review of physiological responses and implications for aquatic systems

Wilhelm¹

1995

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

132

104

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“…Cells considered flow cytometrically as 'Prochlorococcus1-like numbered 1.3 X 108 1-I at 0.5 m and 1.1 X 107 1-' at 2 m (data not shown); their order of magnitude reduction in abundance with depth accompanied a decrease in the divinyl chlorophyll concentration. At -1.0 pm diameter, these cells were larger than Prochlorococcus in oceanic samples (0.6 to 0.8 pm in diameter and 1.2 to 1.6 pm in length; Chisholm et al 1992). …”

Section: Cell Numbersmentioning

confidence: 89%

Lake Kauhako-, Moloka'i, Hawai'i: biological and chemical aspects of a morpho-ectogenic meromictic lake

Donachie¹,

Kinzie²,

Bidigare³

et al. 1999

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

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We undertook the first combined microbiological and hydrochemical study of the 248 m deep meromichc Lake KauhakG. Situated at sea level 1.6 km from the sea in the crater of an extinct volcano on the island of Moloka'i, Hawai'i, USA, Lake KauhakB has the highest relative depth (ratio of depth to surface area, z, = 374 %) of any lake in the world. The upper 4.5 m were stratified (T= 23 to 26'C, salinity = 6 to 24.5), but below a pycnocline at -4.5 m temperature and salinity were uniform (T = -26.25"C; salinity = 32). Seawater hkely intrudes by horizontal hydraulic conductivity through rock separating the lake and the Pacific Ocean. Anoxia commenced below 2 m. Hydrogen sulfide was undetectable at 4 m. but averaged -130 PM between 5 and 28 m. Dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations ranged from -1.50 mM at the surface to -3.3 mM below 5 m. Total organic carbon peaked at 0.94 mM above the pycnocline hut rernaiced about 0.30 mM be!ow 5 m. Soluble reactive phosphorus and ammunium concentrations, nanomolar above the pycnocline, increased to -28 and l75 PM, respectively, at greater depth. Nitrate attained 3.7 PM in shallow water, but was -0.2 pM from the pycnocline to 100 m. Leucine aminopeptidase (LAPase) activity at the surface exceeded 1100 nmol of substrate hydrolyzed I-' h-' Activities of a-and P-glucosidase were lower, but showed depth distributions similar to that of LAPase. Surface waters hosted large and diverse picoplankton populations; chlorophyll a (chl a) exceeded 150 1-19 I-'. and heterotrophic bacteria and autofluorescent bacteria attained 2 X log and 9 X 109 1-l, respectively. Filamentous cyanobacteria and 'Proch1orococcus'-like autotrophs occurred only in the upper 2 m. Chl a was the dominant pigment above 2 m, but pigment diversity increased markedly in anoxic waters between 3 and 5 m. Lake Kauhako is a unique habitat for further studies, particularly of interactions among flora and fauna restricted to a shallow water column within a single basin.

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“…Heterotrophs in Prochlorococcus cultures in turn receive photosynthetically fixed organic carbon and other nutrients supplied by Prochlorococcus; indeed, many heterotrophs thrive in Prochlorococcus co-cultures in the absence of any added carbon. Prochlorococcus cultures have been historically difficult to render axenic, likely due in part to this intimate co-dependency (Chisholm et al, 1992;Moore et al, 2007). Not all Prochlorococcusheterotroph interactions are mutually beneficial, however.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Torn apart and reunited: impact of a heterotroph on the transcriptome of Prochlorococcus

2016

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Microbial interactions, whether direct or indirect, profoundly affect the physiology of individual cells and ultimately have the potential to shape the biogeochemistry of the Earth. For example, the growth of Prochlorococcus, the numerically dominant cyanobacterium in the oceans, can be improved by the activity of co-occurring heterotrophs. This effect has been largely attributed to the role of heterotrophs in detoxifying reactive oxygen species that Prochlorococcus, which lacks catalase, cannot. Here, we explore this phenomenon further by examining how the entire transcriptome of Prochlorococcus NATL2A changes in the presence of a naturally co-occurring heterotroph, Alteromonas macleodii MIT1002, with which it was co-cultured for years, separated and then reunited. Significant changes in the Prochlorococcus transcriptome were evident within 6 h of initiating co-culture, with groups of transcripts changing in different temporal waves. Many transcriptional changes persisted throughout the 48 h experiment, suggesting that the presence of the heterotroph affected a stable shift in Prochlorococcus physiology. These initial transcriptome changes largely corresponded to reduced stress conditions for Prochlorococcus, as inferred from the depletion of transcripts encoding DNA repair enzymes and many members of the 'high light inducible' family of stress-response proteins. Later, notable changes were seen in transcripts encoding components of the photosynthetic apparatus (particularly, an increase in PSI subunits and chlorophyll synthesis enzymes), ribosomal proteins and biosynthetic enzymes, suggesting that the introduction of the heterotroph may have induced increased production of reduced carbon compounds for export. Changes in secretion-related proteins and transporters also highlight the potential for metabolic exchange between the two strains.

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Prochlorococcus marinus nov. gen. nov. sp.: an oxyphototrophic marine prokaryote containing divinyl chlorophyll a and b

Cited by 405 publications

References 22 publications

Ecology of iron-limited cyanobacteria: a review of physiological responses and implications for aquatic systems

Ecology of iron-limited cyanobacteria: a review of physiological responses and implications for aquatic systems

Lake Kauhako-, Moloka'i, Hawai'i: biological and chemical aspects of a morpho-ectogenic meromictic lake

Torn apart and reunited: impact of a heterotroph on the transcriptome of Prochlorococcus

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