Processive Recoding and Metazoan Evolution of Selenoprotein P: Up to 132 UGAs in Molluscs

Baclaocos, Janinah; Santesmasses, Didac; Mariotti, Marco; Bierła, Katarzyna; Vetick, Michael B; Lynch, Sharon A.; McAllen, Rob; Mackrill, John J.; Loughran, Gary; Guigó, Roderic; Szpunar, Joanna; Copeland, Paul R.; Gladyshev, Vadim N.; Atkins, John F.

doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2019.08.007

Cited by 19 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 105 publications

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“…This micronutrient is the only metalloid that is incorporated into specific proteins, called "selenoproteins", and genetically encoded as well as forming a constitutive part of selenocysteine (SeCys), "the 21st amino acid" [3]. In total, 25 selenoproteins have been identified in the human proteome and are often oxido-reductases, including SeCys as a catalytic residue [4,5]. These selenoproteins mainly have wide redox functions that are vital for regulating human immunity [6], mediating thyroid disorders [7], and for the health of the reproductive system [1,3,8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selenium and Nano-Selenium Biofortification for Human Health: Opportunities and Challenges

et al. 2020

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Selenium is an essential micronutrient required for the health of humans and lower plants, but its importance for higher plants is still being investigated. The biological functions of Se related to human health revolve around its presence in 25 known selenoproteins (e.g., selenocysteine or the 21st amino acid). Humans may receive their required Se through plant uptake of soil Se, foods enriched in Se, or Se dietary supplements. Selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) have been applied to biofortified foods and feeds. Due to low toxicity and high efficiency, Se-NPs are used in applications such as cancer therapy and nano-medicines. Selenium and nano-selenium may be able to support and enhance the productivity of cultivated plants and animals under stressful conditions because they are antimicrobial and anti-carcinogenic agents, with antioxidant capacity and immune-modulatory efficacy. Thus, nano-selenium could be inserted in the feeds of fish and livestock to improvise stress resilience and productivity. This review offers new insights in Se and Se-NPs biofortification for edible plants and farm animals under stressful environments. Further, extensive research on Se-NPs is required to identify possible adverse effects on humans and their cytotoxicity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selenium and Nano-Selenium Biofortification for Human Health: Opportunities and Challenges

et al. 2020

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“…The pox viruses molluscum contagiosum and fowlpox have acquired cellular glutathione peroxidase 1 and 4 genes, respectively (the former successfully manipulates the host environment as evidenced by the papules it causes that often need at least 6 months, and sometimes years, to resolve). For most selenoprotein mRNAs including those for glutathione peroxidases, the efficiency of redefining UGA to specify selenocysteine is rather low [ 24 , 25 ] (though selective forces can lead to high efficiency as evidenced by coding sequences with more than 45 UGAs effectively specifying selenocysteine [ 26 , 27 ]). As shown by Gladyshev and colleagues, in the relevant fowlpox mRNA, the SECIS structural RNA element 3′ of the selenocysteine-specifying UGA required for codon redefinition, is in the coding sequence, 3′ of the selenocysteine specifying UGA [ 22 ], but not in the 3′ UTR where all cellular counterparts are located [ 22 , 28 ].…”

Section: Pox Virus Alphavirus and Retrovirus Dynamic Codon Redefinitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Recoding to Peptides for MHC Class I Immune Display: Enriching Viral Expression, Virus Vulnerability and Virus Evasion

Atkins

O’Connor

Bhatt

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Many viruses, especially RNA viruses, utilize programmed ribosomal frameshifting and/or stop codon readthrough in their expression, and in the decoding of a few a UGA is dynamically redefined to specify selenocysteine. This recoding can effectively increase viral coding capacity and generate a set ratio of products with the same N-terminal domain(s) but different C-terminal domains. Recoding can also be regulatory or generate a product with the non-universal 21st directly encoded amino acid. Selection for translation speed in the expression of many viruses at the expense of fidelity creates host immune defensive opportunities. In contrast to host opportunism, certain viruses, including some persistent viruses, utilize recoding or adventitious frameshifting as part of their strategy to evade an immune response or specific drugs. Several instances of recoding in small intensively studied viruses escaped detection for many years and their identification resolved dilemmas. The fundamental importance of ribosome ratcheting is consistent with the initial strong view of invariant triplet decoding which however did not foresee the possibility of transitory anticodon:codon dissociation. Deep level dynamics and structural understanding of recoding is underway, and a high level structure relevant to the frameshifting required for expression of the SARS CoV-2 genome has just been determined.

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“…However, even in bivalves selenoproteins are incredibly rare (e.g. the pacific oyster selenoproteome encompasses 32 genes (Baclaocos, et al 2019)), suggesting a more specific role for the incorporation of Sec in these families. Sec residues are involved in numerous physiological processes and are generally found at catalytic sites, where in many cases they have a catalytic advantage relative to cysteine (Labunskyy, et al 2014).…”

Section: Naiad Selenoproteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An ancient clade ofPenelope-like retroelements with permuted domains is present in the green lineage and protists, and dominates many invertebrate genomes

Craig

Yushenova

Rodríguez

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Penelope-like elements (PLEs) are an enigmatic clade of retroelements whose reverse transcriptases (RTs) share a most recent common ancestor with telomerase RTs. The single ORF of canonical EN+ PLEs encodes RT and a C-terminal GIY-YIG endonuclease (EN) that enables intrachromosomal integration, while EN–PLEs lack endonuclease and are generally restricted to chromosome termini. EN+ PLEs have only been found in animals, except for one case of horizontal transfer to conifers, while EN–PLEs occur in several kingdoms. Here we report a new, deep-branching PLE clade with a permuted domain order, whereby an N-terminal GIY-YIG endonuclease is linked to a C-terminal RT by a short domain with a characteristic Zn-finger-like motif. These N-terminal EN+ PLEs share a structural organization, including pseudo-LTRs and complex tandem/inverted insertions, with canonical EN+ PLEs from Penelope/Poseidon, Neptune and Nematis clades, and show insertion bias for microsatellites, but lack hammerhead ribozyme motifs. However, their phylogenetic distribution is much broader. The Naiad clade is found in numerous invertebrate phyla, where they can reach tens of thousands of copies per genome. Naiads in spiders and clams independently evolved to encode selenoproteins. Chlamys, which lack the CCHH motif universal to PLE endonucleases, occur in green algae, spike mosses (targeting ribosomal DNA) and the slime mold Physarum. Unlike canonical PLEs, RTs of N-terminal EN+ PLEs contain the insertion-in-fingers domain, strengthening the link between PLEs and telomerases. Additionally, we describe Hydra, a novel metazoan C-terminal EN+ clade. Overall, we conclude that PLE diversity, distribution and abundance is comparable to non-LTR and LTR-retrotransposons.

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Processive Recoding and Metazoan Evolution of Selenoprotein P: Up to 132 UGAs in Molluscs

Cited by 19 publications

References 105 publications

Selenium and Nano-Selenium Biofortification for Human Health: Opportunities and Challenges

Selenium and Nano-Selenium Biofortification for Human Health: Opportunities and Challenges

From Recoding to Peptides for MHC Class I Immune Display: Enriching Viral Expression, Virus Vulnerability and Virus Evasion

An ancient clade ofPenelope-like retroelements with permuted domains is present in the green lineage and protists, and dominates many invertebrate genomes

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