Processing of urea‐formaldehyde‐based particleboard from hazelnut shell and improvement of its fire and water resistance

Abstract

SUMMARYThe purpose of this study was to manufacture urea-formaldehyde-based particleboard from hazelnut shell and eliminate its disadvantages such as flammability, water absorption, swelling thickness by using fly ash and phenol-formaldehyde. Synthesized urea-formaldehyde and grained hazelnut shells were blended at different ratios ranging from 0.8 to 3.2 hazelnut shell/urea-formaldehyde and dried at 70 • C in an oven until constant weight was reached. In addition, other parameters affecting polymer composite particleboard from hazelnut shell and urea-formaldehyde were investigated to be the amount of fly ash, amount of phenol formaldehyde and the effects of these parameters on bending stress, limit oxygen index, water absorption capacity and swelling in the thickness. The optimization results showed that the maximum bending strength was 4.1N/mm 2 , at urea-formaldehyde ratio of 1.0, reaction temperature of 70 • C, reaction time of 25 min, hazelnut shell/urea-formaldehyde resin of 2.4 and mean particle size of 0.1 mm. Although the limited oxygen index and smoke density of composite particleboard without fly ash has 22.3 and 1.62, with fly ash of 16% (w/w) according to the filler has 38.2 and 1.47, respectively. Water absorption and increase in the swelling thickness exponentially decreased with increasing phenol formaldehyde.

Production of Useful Composite Particleboard From Waste Orange Peel

“…The polymeric resins were prepared as described in earlier studies. 1,4,9 The phenol formaldehyde resin was prepared by the condensation of phenol in formaldehyde at 70 °C. A H 2 SO 4 solution was added into the phenol formaldehyde solution for curing.…”

“…Polymeric composite particleboard is formed by combining a polymeric binder and filling materials under appropriate conditions and ratios. Most commonly used polymeric binders in the production of particleboard are urea formaldehyde, [1][2][3] phenol formaldehyde, 4 polyethylene 5,6 and polyvinyl acetate. 7,8 It is expected that these polymeric binders may increase the mechanical strength, waterproofing, fireproofing and biodegradation resistance of composite materials.…”

“…It is important to evaluate agricultural wastes to find their particular characteristics, which may also vary as a function of the geographical area where the plant has grown. A wide variety of non-wood plant fibers and agro-residues, such as nutshell, 1 walnut and almond shell, [9][10][11] peach nut shell, 12 kiwi prunings, 13 bamboo, 14 cotton seed hulls, 15 flax shives, 16 vine prunings, 17 wood flour, 18 rice husk and starch, 19,20 Todo fir, sycamore leaves and sun flower, have been investigated as filling materials. [21][22][23] In the literature, studies on a number of parameters, such as curing time and temperature of the polymeric binder, 1,9 molding temperature and pressure, polymeric binder/filler ratio 10,12 and particle size of the filler, 24 have been carried out to find the optimum conditions for resin synthesis and to enhance the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard.…”

Processing of polymer wood composite material from pine cone and the binder of phenol formaldehyde/PVAc/molasses and improvement of its properties

“…Choi et al [41] produced composite material at the ratios of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 f/b from rice husk and plastic parts and obtained the highest exural strength value in the composite sample of 1.0 f/b ratio. Gürü et al [42] prepared composite boards at f/b ratios varying at 0.8~3.2 using ground nutshells. The highest exural strength was obtained as 4.1 MPa in the samples with f/b ratio of 2.4…”

Bio-based sustainable composites from hazelnut shell and PP/SEBS blends

“…HNS can be used for various applications such as energy, 4,5 biofuel production, 6 active carbon production, 7,8 adsorption, 9,10 waste water treatment, 11 civil engineering applications, 12,13 and polymeric composites. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] In all these applications generally, it is mechanically powderized in various sizes. Since the green and sustainable material requirement is increasing, number of the research in the area of HNS filled polymer composite production has been increasing.…”