Processing and modeling of the mechanical behavior of natural fiber thermoplastic composite: Flax/polypropylene

Elsabbagh, Ahmed; Steuernagel, Leif; Ziegmann, Gerhard

doi:10.1002/pc.20675

Cited by 31 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…However, the increase of the tensile strength with the addition of PP‐g‐MA is reported in different publications, although the Young's modulus remains as expected unaffected. The increase of the tensile strength is attributed to an enhanced adhesion between the matrix and the fibers . Bledzki et al reported that the notched impact strength is not significantly affected by PP‐g‐MA at flax fiber contents from 20 wt% above, which corresponds with the results obtained in this study.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Experimental investigation of the influence of the compounding process and the composite composition on the mechanical properties of a short flax fiber–reinforced polypropylene composite

Puch

Hopmann

2014

Polymer Composites

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Polypropylene (PP) composites containing 20 wt% short flax fibers are prepared, and the process parameters such as throughput, rotational speed, and screw configuration are varied during melt compounding with a corotating intermeshing twin‐screw extruder. The investigations reveal that low rotational speeds, high throughputs, and moderate shear energy inputs by the screw configuration led to an optimum set of mechanical properties. To investigate the influence of different composite compositions on the mechanical properties, composites with fiber contents between 0 and 40 wt% and maleic anhydride‐grafted PP (PP‐g‐MA) contents between 0 and 7 wt% are prepared. Increasing fiber contents enhance the Young's modulus and decrease the elongation at break and the notched impact strength. The tensile strength is barely affected. The addition of PP‐g‐MA increases the tensile strength as well as the elongation at break, whereas the Young's modulus is not influenced. Thus, PP‐g‐MA enhances the adhesion between PP and flax fibers significantly. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:2282–2290, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Experimental investigation of the influence of the compounding process and the composite composition on the mechanical properties of a short flax fiber–reinforced polypropylene composite

Puch

Hopmann

2014

Polymer Composites

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“…The role of fibers is also ensured by the relatively same or even, at 30% FR, higher smoke release in case of 50:50 group. But generally, a composite with increased flax content has relatively better flame retardance behavior which matches with previous findings .…”

Section: Flammability Testing Results and Discussion (Cone Calorimetry)supporting

confidence: 90%

“…For the sake of comparison with literature, the cone calorimetry of sample 1 is compared with 30/70 of flax/PP reported by Helwig . Bearing in mind that the sample preparation technique is different, the values of PHRR, THR, TTI, and TT flame out by Helwig are almost 450, 125, 39 and 480 while in Table the corresponding values are 509, 121.3, 22, and 773, respectively. The values especially PHRR and THR are close to each other.…”

Section: Flammability Testing Results and Discussion (Cone Calorimetry)mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…It is reported by Cardenas et al that a speed of 200 rpm is required to mix the polymer matrix and ATH. However, a high rpm is not recommended for natural fibers to avoid their damage. As a compromise, it might be better to extend the time required for mixing after the addition of ATH and before inserting the ATH at 50 rpm.…”

Section: Mechanical Testing Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimization of flame retardant content with respect to mechanical properties of natural fiber polymer composites: Case study of polypropylene/flax/aluminum trihydroxide

et al. 2015

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Flammability behavior of natural fiber polymer composites (NFPC) is an essential factor to define their scope of application. It was of great importance to quantitatively optimize the quantities of the flame retardants (FR) with respect to the corresponding mechanical properties as well as the flame retardance behavior. Flax/polypropylene (PP) system was selected in this study due to its diverse applications. Aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) which was an inorganic hydrate was used as a FR and smoke suppresser because of its environmentally–friendly nature. Flax and PP in the presence of a coupling agent were extruded together. Flax loading with respect to the host polymer was studied at 30% and 50%. Afterward, the compounds were mixed with three grades of ATH namely Apyral 32, 40CD, and 60CD which were loaded at different amounts ranging from 30 to 60 wt%. The synergetic effect of zinc borate (ZB) and ammonium polyphosphate Exolit AP‐422 was also investigated. Both mechanical and flammability behavior were assessed with respect to ATH and its synergists. It was found that 40 wt% of Apyral 60CD was enough to reach V‐0 level with a marginal loss of tensile strength namely 12.5% and 7% for samples of 30% and 50% flax, respectively. Higher loading of ATH at 60% results in strength reduction by 37%–40%. Cone calorimetry results proved the reduction of both heat release rate (HRR) and smoke release. Synergism with both additives improved the UL94 rating and decreased the HRR as well. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:3310–3325, 2016. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers

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“…Similarly, the change of fiber length measured by dynamic image analysis is represented in percentage to follow the change of fiber length as a function of change in fiber content. It can be inferred from Figure 3 that fiber content decrease just after the injection point especially in cases of low pressure and low injection temperatures as reported also in [11]. Fiber content varies actually in a cyclic way and not simply as second degree parabolic function as seen by the trend lines shown in Figure 3.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 52%

Flowability and fiber content homogeneity of natural fiber polypropylene composites in injection molding

Elsabbagh¹,

Ramzy²,

Steuernagel³

et al. 2016

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Influence of rapid heat cycle molding and filler type on warpage of injection molded parts out of PP-based compounds AIP Conference Proceedings 1779, 020005 (2016) Abstract. As an index of viscosity, flowability of natural fiber polypropylene composites is assessed by spiral mold test using injection molding machine. The effect of the processing parameters like the injection temperature at 180-220°C, injection pressure at 500-1000 bar and the mold temperature of room temperature and 80°C on flowability is studied. The investigated parameters are the fiber shape (Non branched straight cellulose versus low flexural stiffness and branched hemp fibers), fiber length (0.5 versus 1.5 mm chopped cellulose fibers) and fiber content Wf (10 versus 30 wt%). The results show that the most significant parameters in a descending order are the pressure, temperature and the mold temperature. Another aspect of the product quality is the homogeneity of the fiber content through the whole injected spirals. Therefore samples are taken out at even distances along the spiral. The cut samples are dissolved to extract fibers and calculate the fiber content. Fiber content definition along the injected spirals proved that it is not constant and the deviation in its measurements can reach to almost 30% from the nominal value. The results prove the separation of fibers before being injected specially in cases of low pressure and low injection temperatures. Secondly, the fiber content varies in a cyclic way. The number of cycles increases with the increase of temperature and pressure but with smaller amplitude of variation. The variation of the fiber content in cellulose fluctuates around an almost constant value which is not the case with hemp variation. Thirdly, the fiber content shows in most of the cases a parabolic trend with a minimum point just shortly after the input injection point. Fourth, the change in fiber length behaves more or less like change in fiber content especially at both low pressure and temperature. Fifth, the variation in fiber content (Wfmax -Wfmin) along the spiral is clear in composites with hemp fibers at high processing temperature / pressure . These results about variation in fiber content are studied in terms of the measured fiber dimensions. Fiber length is defined by the dynamic image analysis system QICPIC. Fiber length proves that the longer the fiber length, most likely the higher the fiber content. However, these results are still in need to be deeply analyzed and better understood in order to open the door in future for robust simulation.

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Processing and modeling of the mechanical behavior of natural fiber thermoplastic composite: Flax/polypropylene

Cited by 31 publications

References 17 publications

Experimental investigation of the influence of the compounding process and the composite composition on the mechanical properties of a short flax fiber–reinforced polypropylene composite

Experimental investigation of the influence of the compounding process and the composite composition on the mechanical properties of a short flax fiber–reinforced polypropylene composite

Optimization of flame retardant content with respect to mechanical properties of natural fiber polymer composites: Case study of polypropylene/flax/aluminum trihydroxide

Flowability and fiber content homogeneity of natural fiber polypropylene composites in injection molding

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