Processing and cell morphology relationships for microcellular foamed PVC/wood‐fiber composites

Matuana, Laurent M.; Park, Chul; Balatinecz, John J.

doi:10.1002/pen.11758

Cited by 185 publications

(204 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Therefore, the cell-growth became difficult which led to the reduced average cell size. Resistance in the cell growth due to increased melt viscosity and stiffness of matrix after adding the wood-flour/cellulose-fibers has also been reported elsewhere [3,[16][17][18][19][20]. Figure 6 illustrates the variations of void fraction (Equation (1)) and expansion ratio (Equation (2)) of the foamed samples.…”

Section: Heat Deflection Temperature (Hdt)mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…On the contrary, the void fraction and expansion ratio decreased in the case of composites on increasing the filler content. This trend may be expected as the volume expansion ratio and the void fraction during the foaming process is controlled by not only the number of the nucleated cells but also the amount of gas dissolved in the matrix [3,[16][17][18][19][20] . Previous studies have established that increasing the filler content results in the decrease of the volume fraction of the matrix in composites [21].…”

Section: Heat Deflection Temperature (Hdt)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biocomposites based on poly(lactic acid)/willow-fiber and their injection moulded microcellular foams

Zafar¹,

Zarrinbakhsh²,

Mohanty³

et al. 2016

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. Natural fiber reinforced biocomposites have recently attracted many researchers because of their biodegradability, cost effectiveness and ecofriendliness. The present study investigates the properties of willow-fiber reinforced poly(lactic acid) based composites and their foam processability. Microcellular foams of the composites were prepared by foam injection moulding using nitrogen gas as the blowing agent. The effects of willow-fiber addition on the morphology, mechanical properties, thermal stability, crystallization, and heat deflection temperature (HDT) were studied. At 30 weight percent [wt%] willow-fiber content, unfoamed composites showed good improvement in specific tensile and flexural moduli. Addition of willow-fiber increased crystallinity and the rate of crystallization and yielded narrow crystallite size distribution as observed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results of the foamed composites revealed that increase in willow-fiber content caused smaller average cell size and higher cell density. Specific notch impact strength of foamed composites at both 20 and 30 wt% willow-fiber content showed increasing trend compared to that of their unfoamed counterparts.

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Section: Heat Deflection Temperature (Hdt)mentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Heat Deflection Temperature (Hdt)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biocomposites based on poly(lactic acid)/willow-fiber and their injection moulded microcellular foams

Zafar¹,

Zarrinbakhsh²,

Mohanty³

et al. 2016

Express Polym. Lett.

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“…Surface modification of wood fiber with a coupling agent has strong effects on both the concentration of gas molecules absorbed by the composites and the cell morphology of the foamed composites produced through a batch foaming process [6,22]. Previous studies showed that a microcellular-foamed structure was better developed in the composites with treated wood fibers than in the composites with untreated fibers because the addition of coupling agent into the formulation helped encapsulate the gas in the composites for the cell growth [6,22]. Consequently, silane was used as a coupling agent to enhance the adhesion between the matrix and the filler.…”

Section: Treatment Of Wood Flourmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sorption experiments performed on neat PLA used a gravimetric method as described in previous papers [6,22]. The main purpose of sorption experiments involves estimating the amount of gas absorbed in a polymer (or estimated gas solubility), one of the important factors in the gas foaming process [6,22].…”

Section: Sorption and Foaming Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous efforts to overcome the cost of PLA included blending with fillers such as cellulosic fibers [5]. However, the lowered cost due to filler addition is usually achieved at the expense of other properties such as the ductility (lower elongation at break) and lower impact resistance, because the incorporated brittle cellulosic fibers alter the ductile mode of failure of the matrix, making the composites more brittle than neat polymer [6][7][8]. Continuous efforts seek to further reduce the cost of PLA while enhancing its flexibility and toughness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of gas saturation conditions on the expansion ratio of microcellular poly(lactic acid)/wood-flour composites

Matuana¹,

Faruk²

2010

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. Poly(lactic acid) or PLA and PLA/wood-flour composites were microcellular foamed with CO2 through a batch foaming process. Specifically, the gas saturation pressure and time varied during processing to produce PLA foams with a high expansion ratio. A ten fold expansion ratio resulted in microcellular foamed PLA over unfoamed counterpart. The foaming conditions associated with such a high expansion ratio involved a lower gas saturation pressure up to 2.76 MPa, which corresponds to a critical gas concentration of approximately 9.4%. Beyond this critical value, foam expansion decreased significantly. Investigations also studied the effect of incorporating wood flour on the foamability of the resulting PLA/wood-flour composites. The addition of wood flour into the PLA matrix significantly affected the expansion ratio of PLA/wood-flour composite foams.

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Wood Composites

Matuana

Heiden

2004

Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology

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IntroductionWood composites can be defined as materials made by gluing together small pieces of wood, residue materials from wood processing operations, or other elements into larger materials to produce products with specific definable mechanical and physical properties. Wood composite products continue to be among the most widely utilized building materials throughout the world. They are commonly manufactured as lumber, flooring, roofing, paneling, palettes, decking, fencing, cabinets, furniture, millwork, structural beams, etc.The increased number and importance of wood composite products are directly related to the decreased supply of high quality large timber, and as the quality and variety of wood composite products increases, and new applications for them are found, the trend toward increased use and importance of wood composites should continue. Wood composites offer numerous advantages over lumber. They can be produced from waste wood, agricultural residues, little used and low commercial value wood species, as well as smaller and fast growing trees, which can relieve stress on old growth forests that are increasingly unavailable for use. Also, the increased homogeneity of the raw material obtained by combining small wood elements allows a wide variety of composite products to be produced that have consistent, high quality properties. The properties can often surpass those of lumber (eg, have stronger and more uniform properties throughout the product, and be completely free of growth characteristics, weak spots, or defects such as knots), and often, the product can be produced with customized engineered properties, dimensions, and complex shapes (eg, complex roof shapes, cathedral ceilings, cantilevered supports).The exact properties and the appropriate end use for a composite depend on the wood species and wood adhesive, and are very dependent on the size, shape, Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology.

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Processing and cell morphology relationships for microcellular foamed PVC/wood‐fiber composites

Cited by 185 publications

References 21 publications

Biocomposites based on poly(lactic acid)/willow-fiber and their injection moulded microcellular foams

Biocomposites based on poly(lactic acid)/willow-fiber and their injection moulded microcellular foams

Effect of gas saturation conditions on the expansion ratio of microcellular poly(lactic acid)/wood-flour composites

Wood Composites

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