Processes of Laser Direct Writing 3D Nanolithography

Varapnickas, Simonas; Malinauskas, Mangirdas

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-63647-0_32

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Fabrication of micro-and nanotopographies as well as 3D biomimetic scaffolds (Fan et al, 2019) for in vitro studies can be performed via multiple techniques such as emulsion templating (Riesco et al, 2019), electrospinning (Pires et al, 2015;Wissing et al, 2019;Venugopal et al, 2021), stereolithography (Gauvin et al, 2012), and two-photon polymerization (2PP) (Lemma et al, 2019;Varapnickas and Malinauskas, 2020) to name a few. While each of these fabrication methods has its own advantages, 2PP especially stands out due to its extremely high resolution (~50-200 nm) (Malinauskas et al, 2010;Emons et al, 2012), ability to fabricate complex 3D geometries using computer-aided design (CAD) models, and high reproducibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-Photon Polymerization of 2.5D and 3D Microstructures Fostering a Ramified Resting Phenotype in Primary Microglia

Sharaf

Roos

Timmerman

et al. 2022

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system and contribute to maintaining brain’s homeostasis. Current 2D “petri-dish” in vitro cell culturing platforms employed for microglia, are unrepresentative of the softness or topography of native brain tissue. This often contributes to changes in microglial morphology, exhibiting an amoeboid phenotype that considerably differs from the homeostatic ramified phenotype in healthy brain tissue. To overcome this problem, multi-scale engineered polymeric microenvironments are developed and tested for the first time with primary microglia derived from adult rhesus macaques. In particular, biomimetic 2.5D micro- and nano-pillar arrays (diameters = 0.29–1.06 µm), featuring low effective shear moduli (0.25–14.63 MPa), and 3D micro-cages (volume = 24 × 24 × 24 to 49 × 49 × 49 μm3) with and without micro- and nano-pillar decorations (pillar diameters = 0.24–1 µm) were fabricated using two-photon polymerization (2PP). Compared to microglia cultured on flat substrates, cells growing on the pillar arrays exhibit an increased expression of the ramified phenotype and a higher number of primary branches per ramified cell. The interaction between the cells and the micro-pillar-decorated cages enables a more homogenous 3D cell colonization compared to the undecorated ones. The results pave the way for the development of improved primary microglia in vitro models to study these cells in both healthy and diseased conditions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-Photon Polymerization of 2.5D and 3D Microstructures Fostering a Ramified Resting Phenotype in Primary Microglia

Sharaf

Roos

Timmerman

et al. 2022

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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“…To do so, we leverage recent developments in 3D printing via direct laser writing [9][10][11][12] . Among multiple available 3D printing techniques [13][14][15][16][17][18] , we chose a two-photon polymerization that enables 3D printing of microphantom samples with known geometry and calibrated RI. When compared to other implementations of direct laser writing, it allows (1) to control the RI with relatively high modulation range, (2) to adjust the RI contrast or scattering strength post-fabrication using different immersion liquid and (3) to handle and measure the microphantom in the same way as biological specimens.…”

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confidence: 99%

3D scattering microphantom sample to assess quantitative accuracy in tomographic phase microscopy techniques

Krauze

Kuś

Ziemczonok

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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In this paper we present a structurally-complex biomimetic scattering structure, fabricated with two-photon polymerization, and utilize this object in order to benchmark a computational imaging system. The phantom allows to tailor the scattering by modifying its degrees of freedom i.e. refractive index contrast and scattering layer dimensions and incorporates a 3D imaging quality test, representing a single cell within tissue. While the sample may be used with multiple 3D microscopy techniques, we demonstrate the impact of scattering on three tomographic phase microscopy (TPM) reconstruction methods. One of these methods assumes the sample to be weak-scattering, while the other two take multiple scattering into account. The study is performed at two wavelengths (visible and near-infrared), which serve as a scaling factor for the scattering phenomenon. We find that changing the wavelength from visible into near-infrared impacts the applicability of TPM reconstruction methods. As a result of reduced scattering in near-infrared region, the multiple-scattering-oriented techniques perform in fact worse than a method aimed for weak-scattering samples. This implies a necessity of selecting proper approach depending on sample’s scattering characteristics even in case of subtle changes in the object-light interaction.

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Processes of Laser Direct Writing 3D Nanolithography

Cited by 2 publications

References 63 publications

Two-Photon Polymerization of 2.5D and 3D Microstructures Fostering a Ramified Resting Phenotype in Primary Microglia

Two-Photon Polymerization of 2.5D and 3D Microstructures Fostering a Ramified Resting Phenotype in Primary Microglia

3D scattering microphantom sample to assess quantitative accuracy in tomographic phase microscopy techniques

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