Processes during the Hypergolic Ignition between Monomethylhydrazine (MMH) and Dinitrogen Tetroxide (N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) in Rocket Engines

Frank, Irmgard; Hammerl, Anton; Klapötke, Thomas M.; Nonnenberg, Christel; Zewen, H.

doi:10.1002/prep.200400084

Cited by 37 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…These data can be obtained free of charge from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif. General procedure for preparation of ILs (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21): Silver dicyanamide (1.04 g, 6 mmol) or silver nitrocyanamide (1.16 g, 6 mmol) was suspended in methanol (15 mL) and a solution of 1-7 (6 mmol) in methanol (15 mL) was added dropwise. After stirring at room temperature for 6 h, the insoluble silver halide was removed by filtration.…”

Section: X-ray Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypergolic N,N‐Dimethylhydrazinium Ionic Liquids

Zhang

Gao

Guo

et al. 2010

Chemistry A European J

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N,N-Dimethylhydrazinium dicyanamide and nitrocyanamide ionic liquids (ILs) were prepared by quaterization of N,N-dimethylhydrazine with alkyl halides followed by metathesis reactions with silver dicyanamide or silver nitrocyanamide. The key physicochemical properties, such as melting point and decomposition temperatures, density, viscosity, heat of formation, detonation pressure and velocity, and specific impulse were measured/calculated. The impact of anions and alkyl-substituted cations on these properties is demonstrated. Droplet tests with white-fuming nitric acid (WFNA) as an oxidizer were utilized to show that the 14 new N,N-dimethylhydrazinium salts are hypergolic with ignition delay (ID) times ranging from 22 to 1642 ms, thereby suggesting that some may have potential as bipropellants.

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Section: X-ray Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypergolic N,N‐Dimethylhydrazinium Ionic Liquids

Zhang

Gao

Guo

et al. 2010

Chemistry A European J

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“…However, these hydrazine derivatives are acutely toxic, highly volatile, carcinogenic substances and consequently have high handling costs. Against such a context, there is increasing demand in developing greener and safer rocket fuels as replacements for hydrazine derivatives . Thus, exploring safer hypergolic fuels has become an area of intense research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Safer Rocket Fuels: Hypergolic Imidazolylidene‐Borane Compounds as Replacements for Hydrazine Derivatives

Huang

Liu

et al. 2016

Chemistry A European J

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Currently, toxic and volatile hydrazine derivatives are still the main fuel choices for liquid bipropellants, especially in some traditional rocket propulsion systems. Therefore, the search for safer hypergolic fuels as replacements for hydrazine derivatives has been one of the most challenging tasks. In this study, six imidazolylidene-borane compounds with zwitterionic structure have been synthesized and characterized, and their hypergolic reactivity has been studied. As expected, these compounds exhibited fast spontaneous combustion upon contact with white fuming nitric acid (WFNA). Among them, compound 5 showed excellent integrated properties including wide liquid operating range (-70-160 °C), superior loading density (0.99 g cm(-3) ), ultrafast ignition delay times with WFNA (15 ms), and high specific impulse (303.5 s), suggesting promising application potential as safer hypergolic fuels in liquid bipropellant formulations.

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“…The current MMH/NTO hypergolic system has been used successfully for decades, 28,29 and much theoretical work on the MMH/NTO system has been performed. [30][31][32][33][34][35] However, little experimental work exists [36][37][38][39][40] to confirm these results. Therefore, replacing the volatile, highly toxic, and carcinogenic MMH with a safer fuel is not a straightforward task.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fourier Transform Infrared Studies in Hypergolic Ignition of Ionic Liquids

et al. 2008

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Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S)Air Force Research Laboratory (AFMC) AFRL/RZS SPONSOR/MONITOR'S Pollux Drive NUMBER(S)Edwards AFB CA 93524-70448 AFRL-RZ-ED-JA-2008-090 DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution unlimited (PA# 08149A) SUPPLEMENTARY NOTESPublished in J. Phys. Chem. A 2008, 112, 7816-7824. © 2008 American Chemical Society. ABSTRACTA class of room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) that exhibit hypergolic activity towards strong nitric acid is reported. Fast ignition of dicyanamide ionic liquids when mixed with nitric acid is contrasted with the reactivity of the ionic liquid azides, which show high reactivity with nitric acid, but do not ignite. The reactivity of other potential salt fuels is assessed here. Rapid-scan, Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of the pre-ignition phase indicates the evolution of N 2 O from both the dicyanamide and azide RTILs. Evidence for the evolution of CO 2 and isocyanic acid (HNCO) with similar temporal behavior to N 2 O from reaction of the dicyanamide ionic liquids with nitric acid is presented. Evolution of HN 3 is detected from the azides. No evolution of HCN from the dicyanamide reactions was detected. From the FTIR observations, biuret reaction tests and initial ab initio calculations, a mechanism is proposed for the formation of N 2 O, CO 2 and HNCO from the dicyanamide reactions during pre-ignition. SUBJECT TERMS SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF:17 ReceiVed: April 28, 2008; ReVised Manuscript ReceiVed: June 2, 2008 A class of room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) that exhibit hypergolic activity toward fuming nitric acid is reported. Fast ignition of dicyanamide ionic liquids when mixed with nitric acid is contrasted with the reactivity of the ionic liquid azides, which show high reactivity with nitric acid, but do not ignite. The reactivity of other potential salt fuels is assessed here. Rapid-scan, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of the preignition phase indicates the evolution of N 2 O from both the dicyanamide and azide...

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Processes during the Hypergolic Ignition between Monomethylhydrazine (MMH) and Dinitrogen Tetroxide (N₂O₄) in Rocket Engines

Cited by 37 publications

References 42 publications

Hypergolic N,N‐Dimethylhydrazinium Ionic Liquids

Hypergolic N,N‐Dimethylhydrazinium Ionic Liquids

Towards Safer Rocket Fuels: Hypergolic Imidazolylidene‐Borane Compounds as Replacements for Hydrazine Derivatives

Fourier Transform Infrared Studies in Hypergolic Ignition of Ionic Liquids

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Processes during the Hypergolic Ignition between Monomethylhydrazine (MMH) and Dinitrogen Tetroxide (N2O4) in Rocket Engines

Cited by 37 publications

References 42 publications

Hypergolic N,N‐Dimethylhydrazinium Ionic Liquids

Hypergolic N,N‐Dimethylhydrazinium Ionic Liquids

Towards Safer Rocket Fuels: Hypergolic Imidazolylidene‐Borane Compounds as Replacements for Hydrazine Derivatives

Fourier Transform Infrared Studies in Hypergolic Ignition of Ionic Liquids

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Processes during the Hypergolic Ignition between Monomethylhydrazine (MMH) and Dinitrogen Tetroxide (N₂O₄) in Rocket Engines