Processes and structures in intergenerational programs: a comparison across different types of programs

Abstract

Objectives: Given the widely acknowledged benefits of intergenerational programs (IGPs), we compared processes and structures across different IGP types and explored potential areas for improvement. Design: Thirteen IGPs were classified into three types: arts, learning, and assistance programs. Data were collected through direct structured interviews and analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Setting: Participants were recruited from community-based IGPs in the greater Tel Aviv area of Israel. Participants: Eighty-four older participants (OPs), 97 younger participants (YPs), and 21 organizers were interviewed. Measurements: Questions included participant demographics as well as closed- and open-ended questions regarding processes based on the Impact of Intergenerational Programs Questionnaire (IIPQ). Analysis: Responses to closed-ended questions were compared among IGP types and age groups using two-way ANOVAs for ordinal data, and chi-squares for nominal data. Responses to open-ended questions by OP, YP, and program organizers about potential areas for improvement were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Processes in need of improvement were preparation and guidance, length of program participation, and monitoring of activities, which differed across IGP types and age groups. These processes were related to broader structural problems such as lack of resources, organizers’ poor employment conditions, and inadequate public services for older persons in Israel. Conclusions: Our study highlights the complex relationships between IGP types, processes, and structures. IGP processes and goals can be hindered by structural variables such as insufficient funding, infrastructure, and public services for older adults.

Intergenerationality Programs—Between Children and Older Adults—For Portuguese Population: A Scoping Review

“…In addition to the studies included here, other studies also support this idea [ 6 , 21 , 33 ]. In this sense, intergenerationality is perceived by Estevam [ 26 ] and Henriques [ 33 ] as a principle that promotes the mental health and the quality of life of older adults, as well as equality between generations, enabling the transformation of mentalities.…”

“…According to the results of all the studies analyzed, these gains are positively reflected in older adults at a cognitive level, changes in mood and vitality, as well as self-concept, in their autonomy, their social image of old age, as well as having a preventive action within the scope of isolation, through the social inclusion of the older adults, promotion of physical and mental well-being and respect for the younger generations, fostering both linguistic and digital learning [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ] In children, the gains will be reflected in their social behavior, avoiding antisocial behavior and the valuation of the aging process, as well as a greater acceptance of im-age alteration and demystification of old age, thus reducing stereotypes and derogatory comments [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. These practices influence their values and cultural learning, thus promoting a better adaptation to the contexts of personal and professional life in their future [ 27 , 32 ], an idea shared by other studies [ 6 , 21 , 34 , 35 ].…”

“…So, intergenerational practices can be defined as a way to unite people with a purpose, resorting to activities that mutually benefit them and promote better respect and understanding between generations [ 6 , 21 ]. Faced with the reality of the aging world population, international organizations have increased and promoted being oriented towards formulating policies that contribute to coexistence between generations [ 19 ].…”

“…Then defined, the relationships between generations must be characterized by the presence of a series of elements that favor the production of «intergenerational synergy». In short, whenever in the relationship between generations, actions and behaviors are capable of repercussions on our environment and, in turn, bringing benefits to it, we can speak production of intergenerational synergy [ 11 , 20 , 21 ].…”

Motivation to Participate in Intergenerational Programs: A Comparison across Different Program Types and Generations

“…The limited available literature principally describes the motivation of older adults, who generally report more benefits than young adults in IGPs [ 25 ]. Little research has been conducted on the motivation of young participants since most studies involved school students whose participation was not elective [ 21 ].…”