Process-Structure-Property Relationships for 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated by Additive Manufacturing and Its Implication for Component Engineering

Yang, Nancy Y. C.; Yee, Joshua; Zheng, Baolong; Gaiser, Kyle; Reynolds, Thomas Bither; Clemon, Lee; Lu, Wei‐Yang; Schoenung, Julie M.; Lavernia, Enrique J.

doi:10.1007/s11666-016-0480-y

Cited by 69 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 9 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Figure 8 images provide some further insight to the role of the microstructure and internal defects in the deformation behavior. Similar to the anisotropic tensile behavior reported 4 for LENS 316L, lower strain and premature failure is seen in Figure 4 for the thinner sections of LPBF 316L along the powder rolling direction. The anisotropic behavior of LENS 316L was attributed to the presence of inter-pass heat affected zones (HAZ) that were found to coexist with feedstock inclusions and porosity from incomplete molten metal fusion.…”

Section: Structuresupporting

confidence: 80%

Constitutive structural parameter c _b for the work‐hardening behavior of laser powder‐bed fusion, additively manufactured 316L stainless steel

Jankowski

Yang

2020

Mat Design & Process Comms

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The mechanical behavior of additively manufactured (AM) 316L produced by laser powder-bed fusion (LPBF) process is now assessed using a workhardening model that is derivative from the Kocks-Mecking (K-M) relationship. A constitutive parameter c b for the microstructure is derived that is representative of the work-hardening behavior, as determined by the plastic strain ε p between the yield point σ y and ultimate strength σ u. The varied mechanical response that can be representative of AM metal behavior, as associated with surface irregularities and build direction, can be evaluated with this approach. Results are presented for the mechanical behavior of a 316L stainless steel as evaluated through uniaxial tensile test measurements.

show abstract

Section: Structuresupporting

confidence: 80%

Constitutive structural parameter c _b for the work‐hardening behavior of laser powder‐bed fusion, additively manufactured 316L stainless steel

Jankowski

Yang

2020

Mat Design & Process Comms

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Examples include fuel tanks, exhaust components, engine parts, hydraulic systems, and fasteners. LENS has already been used to process several carbon, alloy, and stainless steels [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Quality Control of Titanium Alloy Ti–6Al–4V, 17–4 PH Stainless Steel, and Aluminum Alloy 4047 Either Manufactured or Repaired by Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS)

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Additive manufacturing attracts much interest for manufacturing and repair of structural parts for the aerospace industry. This paper presents comparative characterization of aircraft items made of Al 4047 alloy, Ti-6Al-4V alloy, and 17-4 precipitation hardened (PH) (AISI 630) stainless steel, either manufactured or repaired by laser engineered net shaping (LENS). Chemical analysis, density, and surface roughness measurements, X-ray micro-computed tomography (μ-CT) analysis, metallography, and micro-hardness testing were conducted. In all three materials, microstructures typical of rapid solidification were observed, along with high density, chemical composition, and hardness comparable to those of the counterpart wrought alloys (even in hard condition). High standard deviation in hardness values, anisotropic geometrical distortion, and overbuild at top edges were observed. The detected defects included partially melted and unmelted powder particles, porosity, and interlayer lack of fusion, in particular at the interface between the substrate plate and the build. There was a fairly good match between the density values measured by μ-CT and those measured by the Archimedes method; there was also good correlation between the type of defects detected by both techniques. Surface roughness, density of partially melted powder particles, and the content of bulk defects were significantly higher in Al 4047 than in 17-4 PH stainless steel and Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Optical gaging can be used reliably for surface roughness measurements. The implications of these findings are discussed.

show abstract

“…However, their manufacturing through conventional processing route implies strong limitations on the achievable geometries, which could be overcome by a direct additive manufacturing process such as Powder Directed Energy Deposition [7]. The use of such a process already allows large scale complex functional parts made of titanium alloys [8][9][10][11][12], nickel-based superalloys [13,14] and several steels [15][16][17][18][19] to be manufactured.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Laser Additive Manufacturing of TiAl Intermetallic Compound by Powder Directed Energy Deposition (DED)

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Directed Energy Deposition of the commercial intermetallic Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy was investigated. The CLAD® process is dependent on multiple parameters, which were successfully optimised through several experiments, including series of beads, small blocks, and massive blocks, under argon atmosphere. The use of adapted temperature management leads to massive blocks manufacturing that bear no apparent macroscopic defects, such as cracks, which are generally observed in this brittle material due to strong temperature cycling during the manufacturing. The microstructure and geometrical parameters were characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This process generates an ultra-fine and anisotropic microstructure, which is restored to a homogeneous duplex microstructure by a subsequent heat-treatment. Mechanical characterisation is in progress and will be used to validate the soundness of the materials produced in these conditions.

show abstract

Process-Structure-Property Relationships for 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated by Additive Manufacturing and Its Implication for Component Engineering

Cited by 69 publications

References 9 publications

Constitutive structural parameter c _b for the work‐hardening behavior of laser powder‐bed fusion, additively manufactured 316L stainless steel

Constitutive structural parameter c _b for the work‐hardening behavior of laser powder‐bed fusion, additively manufactured 316L stainless steel

Comparative Quality Control of Titanium Alloy Ti–6Al–4V, 17–4 PH Stainless Steel, and Aluminum Alloy 4047 Either Manufactured or Repaired by Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS)

Direct Laser Additive Manufacturing of TiAl Intermetallic Compound by Powder Directed Energy Deposition (DED)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Process-Structure-Property Relationships for 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated by Additive Manufacturing and Its Implication for Component Engineering

Cited by 69 publications

References 9 publications

Constitutive structural parameter c b for the work‐hardening behavior of laser powder‐bed fusion, additively manufactured 316L stainless steel

Constitutive structural parameter c b for the work‐hardening behavior of laser powder‐bed fusion, additively manufactured 316L stainless steel

Comparative Quality Control of Titanium Alloy Ti–6Al–4V, 17–4 PH Stainless Steel, and Aluminum Alloy 4047 Either Manufactured or Repaired by Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS)

Direct Laser Additive Manufacturing of TiAl Intermetallic Compound by Powder Directed Energy Deposition (DED)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Constitutive structural parameter c _b for the work‐hardening behavior of laser powder‐bed fusion, additively manufactured 316L stainless steel

Constitutive structural parameter c _b for the work‐hardening behavior of laser powder‐bed fusion, additively manufactured 316L stainless steel