Process Parameters for Infrared Processing of FePt Nanoparticle Films

Sabau, Adrian S.; Kadolkar, Puja; Dinwiddie, Ralph B.; Ott, Ronald D; Blue, Craig A.

doi:10.1007/s11661-007-9093-x

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…This technique, also called pulse-thermal processing (PTP), is a HDI processing technology based radiant heat treatment technique that can deliver a peak sintering power up to 20,000 W/cm 2 during a millisecond, and is used to rapidly anneal thin films of various materials without damaging underlying plastic substrates. 36,37 This tool enables reproducible, roll-to-roll, high-temperature processing of thin-film materials on low-temperature substrates. Figure 5a shows the simulated temperature-versus-time profile for the photonic curing technique used in this work to anneal TiO 2 films on ITO-coated PET substrates.…”

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confidence: 99%

High-Performance Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells by Using a Combination of Ultrasonic Spray-Coating and Low Thermal Budget Photonic Curing

Das

Yang²,

et al. 2015

ACS Photonics

280

218

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Realizing the commercialization of high-performance and robust perovskite solar cells urgently requires the development of economically scalable processing techniques. Here we report a highthroughput ultrasonic spray-coating (USC) process capable of fabricating perovskite film-based solar cells on glass substrates with power conversion efficiency (PCE) as high as 13%.Perovskite films with high uniformity, crystallinity, and surface coverage are obtained in a single step. Moreover, we report USC processing on TiO 2 /ITO-coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates to realize flexible perovskite solar cells with PCE as high as 8.1% that are robust under mechanical stress. In this case, a photonic curing technique was used to achieve a highlyconductive TiO 2 layer on flexible PET substrates for the first time. The high device performance and reliability obtained by this combination of USC processing with optical curing appears very promising for roll-to-roll manufacturing of high-efficiency, flexible perovskite solar cells. -halide perovskite solar cells, with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) rapidly reaching circa 20%, 1-3 are one of the most promising, next-generation photovoltaic technologies due to their excellent material properties, including long carrier diffusion lengths 4 and large absorption coefficients. 5 To achieve high-quality perovskite films, a variety of deposition techniques, such as thermal evaporation, 6-8 single-step spin-coating, 9,10 layer-by-layer or two-step coating, 11,12 and vapor-assisted 13 processes have been developed. However, one major disadvantage of most laboratory-scale techniques is that they are incompatible with lowcost, roll-to-roll processing envisioned for large-scale manufacturing. Existing scalable processing techniques include ink-jet printing, slot-die coating, blade-coating, screen printing, and ultrasonic spray-coating. 14-21Among these cost-effective roll-to-roll compatible processes, ultrasonic spray-coating (USC) is one of the most promising that has been successfully exploited for the fabrication of various organic electronic devices including light emitting diodes, 22 photovoltaics, 23,24 photodetectors, 25 and field-effect transistors. 26 The overall advantage of USC is its ability to simultaneously provide high throughput, better control over directional deposition, efficient use of materials, uniform film coverage, compatibility with variety of substrates, with the potential for the deposition of continuous layers without dissolution of underlying layers. 23,[26][27][28] Recently, the USC process was demonstrated to deposit perovskite thin films on glass substrates, and the resulting devices showed an average PCE of 7. 8%. 29 However, considering the diverse application potential for thin film perovskites, it is highly important to demonstrate the fabrication of high-performance devices on light-weight and flexible substrates using scalable techniques. So far, one major challenge for the fabrication of solar cells on plastic substrates is their ...

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confidence: 99%

High-Performance Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells by Using a Combination of Ultrasonic Spray-Coating and Low Thermal Budget Photonic Curing

Das

Yang²,

et al. 2015

ACS Photonics

280

218

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“…We have estimated the penetration depth of light ͑ϳ30 nm͒, employing the optical properties of bulk FePt. 27 All the measurements a͒ Present address: …”

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confidence: 99%

“…We have estimated the penetration depth of light ͑ϳ30 nm͒, employing the optical properties of bulk FePt. 27 All the measurements are performed at room temperature with the field applied parallel to the film plane and along the same in-plane direction, given any potential in-plane anisotropy.…”

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confidence: 99%

First-order reversal curve analysis of graded anisotropy FePtCu films

Bonanni

Fang

Dumas

et al. 2010

Applied Physics Letters

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The reversal mechanisms of graded anisotropy FePtCu films have been investigated by alternating gradient magnetometer ͑AGM͒ and magneto-optical Kerr effect ͑MOKE͒ measurements with first-order reversal curve ͑FORC͒ techniques. The AGM-FORC analysis, which clearly shows the presence of soft and hard components, is unable to resolve how these phases are distributed throughout the film thickness. MOKE-FORC measurements, which preferentially probe the surface of the film, reveal that the soft components are indeed located toward the top surface. Combining AGM-FORC with the inherent surface sensitivity of MOKE-FORC analysis allows for a comprehensive analysis of heterogeneous systems such as graded materials. © 2010 American Institute of Physics. ͓doi:10.1063/1.3515907͔Graded anisotropy materials 1,2 have joined the ranks of tilted 3,4 and exchange coupled composite 5 ͑ECC͒ recording media as possible solutions to the magnetic recording trilemma, 6,7 where simultaneously balancing the thermal stability and signal-to-noise ratio with the writability of a given bit is necessary. Energy-assisted recording techniques, such as heat-assisted magnetic recording 8 and microwave-assisted magnetic recording, 9 rely on adding energy to the media in order to temporarily surmount the switching barrier with modest applied fields. In graded materials, which are predicted to provide additional gains in writability over conventional bilayer hard/soft ECC media, the anisotropy is systematically varied such that the switching field is reduced by the low anisotropy layers, while the high anisotropy layers preserve thermal stability. There have been few reports, mostly based on rather thick multilayered structures, on the successful creation of graded materials.10-14 However, the realization of a continuous anisotropy gradient was recently achieved in properly annealed compositionally graded thin FePtCu films. 15 In conjunction with the fabrication, the subsequent analysis of graded materials is not trivial and often requires complicated measurement apparatuses. For example, the inherent depth sensitivity of polarized neutron reflectivity measurements has recently been used to directly probe the anisotropy gradient of multilayered Co/Pd samples. 12,13 In this letter, we report on a relatively simple measurement and analysis technique that combines first-order reversal curve ͑FORC͒ 16-22 measurements with the inherent surface sensitivity of the magneto-optical Kerr effect ͑MOKE͒ to analyze FePtCu films with a continuously graded anisotropy. In addition to providing a useful qualitative fingerprint of the magnetization reversal mechanisms, the FORC techniques are able to extract a wealth of quantitative information not readily accessible from standard major loop or remanence curve analysis. For example, information on distributions of key magnetic parameters, interactions, and phase identification in a variety of bulk, thin film, and patterned systems has been shown. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22] To date, however, FORC analysis has focused ...

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“…Whereas the MOKE preferentially probes the surface of the film, the AGM measures the magnetic response of the entire film. We have estimated the penetration depth of light ( nm) by employing the optical properties of bulk FePt [31]. The major hysteresis loops for the FePtCu (50 nm) film annealed at 300 C are shown in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graded Anisotropy FePtCu Films

et al. 2011

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The fabrication and subsequent analysis of continuously graded anisotropy films are discussed. During deposition, a compositional gradient is first achieved by varying the Cu concentration from Cu-rich (Fe 53 Pt 47 ) 70 Cu 30 to Cu-free Fe 53 Pt 47 . The anisotropy gradient is then realized after thermal post-annealing, and by utilizing the strong composition dependence of the low-anisotropy (A1) to high-anisotropy (L1 0 ) ordering temperature. The magnetic properties are investigated by surface sensitive magneto-optical Kerr effect and alternating gradient magnetometer (AGM) measurements. AGM first-order reversal curve (FORC) measurements are employed in order to provide a detailed analysis of the reversal mechanisms, and therefore the induced anisotropy gradient. At low annealing temperatures, the FORC measurements clearly indicate the highly coupled reversal of soft and hard phases. However, significant interdiffusion results in virtually uniform films at elevated annealing temperatures. Additionally, the A1 to L1 0 ordering process is found to depend on the film thickness.Index Terms-FePtCu thin films, first-order reversal curve (FORC) measurements, graded anisotropy films, magnetic reversal mechanism.

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Process Parameters for Infrared Processing of FePt Nanoparticle Films

Cited by 6 publications

References 10 publications

High-Performance Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells by Using a Combination of Ultrasonic Spray-Coating and Low Thermal Budget Photonic Curing

High-Performance Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells by Using a Combination of Ultrasonic Spray-Coating and Low Thermal Budget Photonic Curing

First-order reversal curve analysis of graded anisotropy FePtCu films

Graded Anisotropy FePtCu Films

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