Process parameter effects on cellular structured materials using hollow glass spheres

Park, Jungjin; Howard, John; Edery, Avi; DeMay, Matthew; Wereley, Norman M.

doi:10.1080/10426914.2019.1594256

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…During sintering, consolidation of spheres occurs and the consolidation depends on soaking time and temperature. [ 25 ] After they were sintered at 840 °C, the dimensional changes were measured, indicating that S32 foam shows about 23% shrinkage in diameter and K46 shows about 12% decrease in diameter. Taking a bulk density of 2.23 g cc −1 (ρ s ) for a soda–lime–borosilicate glass and relative density (ρ/ρ s ) of S32 and K46 foams are 0.09 and 0.13 before sintering, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A more detailed cellular microstructure development of hollow glass spheres due to sintering process parameters such as sintering time and temperature was reported previously. [ 25 ] As the threshold method in image analysis allowed for distinguishing voids and cellular structure, the area fractions of voids were calculated from the SEM images. The area fraction of voids includes closed voids of hollow spheres and large open voids at the interface.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bilayer Glass Foams with Tunable Energy Absorption via Localized Void Clusters

et al. 2021

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The research in this article entails the design of materials systems and tunable energy absorbing properties respond to a range of energy absorption needs in different impact conditions. Tunable energy absorption of bilayer cellular foams is investigated using hollow glass spheres with different wall thickness and densities. Co‐cured bilayer foams are prepared through sintering of the spheres, and their microstructures and mechanical responses to quasistatic uniaxial compression are investigated. Co‐cured system exploits localized voids density (>50 μm) locally at the interface which is induced via different shrinkage rate of spheres, leveraging tunable energy absorptions. Mechanical testing shows that the voids at the interface lead in the sequential collapse of the layers, resulting in a distinctive two‐step stress–strain profile. For comparison, bilayer samples are fabricated using epoxy. These samples show a different mechanical response from the co‐cured sample by not showing the two‐step stress–strain. The co‐cured samples exhibit 14.8% more specific energy absorption than epoxy bonded samples. The results suggest that co‐cured samples can limit impact stress and achieve a higher energy absorption capacity than epoxy bonded samples. The manufacturing concept and system design expand the capabilities of cellular foams, yielding desired energy absorbing properties in a diverse range of applications.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bilayer Glass Foams with Tunable Energy Absorption via Localized Void Clusters

et al. 2021

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“…It provides distinctive properties such as superior energy absorption behavior, excellent damping properties, higher acoustic, and thermal insulation, improved impact characteristics and electromagnetic insulation. [10][11][12] Moreover, aluminum matrix syntactic foam (AMSF) possesses isotropic characteristics, controlled closed cell structure, low cost and easy availability of aluminum makes it the preferred matrix material. 13 These desirable properties makes the AMSF as a candidate material for use in lightweight construction, ABC pillars, under-ride guard, crash-worthiness, dampers in military vehicles, ballistic armors, crash box, and bumpers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced energy absorption and microstructural studies on hollow glass microsphere filled closed cell aluminum matrix syntactic foam

Thiyagarajan

Kumar

2022

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:

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The research on lightweight materials for advanced engineering applications attracted the development of metal matrix syntactic foams. The automobile sector has started using Al-based alloys in structural components such as crash-box, underride-guard, fenders, dampers, A, B, and C Pillars. The present study explores the energy absorption behavior; microstructural characterization such as SEM, EDS, and XRD analysis of hollow glass microsphere (HGM) filled aluminum matrix syntactic foam. A380 aluminum alloy reinforced with different volume fractions 10%, 20%, 30%, and 35% of hollow glass microspheres were used in the fabrication of syntactic foam using the stir casting technique. The quasi-static compression test conducted, evaluated the plateau strength, which improved from 284.14 to 341.69 MPa, and energy absorption capacity was observed in the range 139.25–187.92 MJ/m3. The plateau strength and energy absorption capacity were improved by 16.82% and 25.89% for the 35 vol.% HGM sample as compared with 10 vol.% HGM filled aluminum matrix syntactic foam. The addition of a calcium thickening agent in the casting process improved the bonding between aluminum and HGM particle and also the homogeneous distribution of HGM. The XRD analysis revealed the chemical reaction that occurred between aluminum and SiO2 that produced the AlSiO2 and Al2SiO5 interfacial compounds. This reaction tends to collapse the HGM cell wall and fills it with matrix material.

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“…They are popularly used in syntactic foam which is a cellular polymeric matrix filled with hollow microspheres [30][31][32]. Recently, a cellular structure was successfully fabricated by sintering hollow glass microspheres [12,24,[33][34][35][36]. A key advantage of HGM-based foams is that the cellular solid exhibits thermal stability up to 600 °C, which usually cannot be achieved with syntactic foam due to polymeric binders or matrices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tunable Energy Absorbing Property of Bilayer Amorphous Glass Foam via Dry Powder Printing

et al. 2022

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The research in this paper entails the design of material systems with tunable energy-absorbing properties. Hollow glass microspheres of different densities are layered using dry powder printing and subsequently sintered to form a cellular structure. The tunability of the bilayer foams is investigated using various combinations of hollow microspheres with different densities and different thickness ratios of the layers. The mechanical responses to quasi-static uniaxial compression of the bilayer foams are also investigated. These bilayer samples show different mechanical responses from uniform samples with a distinctive two-step stress–strain profile that includes a first and second plateau stress. The strain where the second plateau starts can be tuned by adjusting the thickness ratio of the two layers. The resulting tunable stress–strain profile demonstrates tunable energy absorption. The tunability is found to be more significant if the density values of each layer differ largely. For comparison, bilayer samples are fabricated using epoxy at the interface instead of a sintering process and a different mechanical response is shown from a sintered sample with the different stress–strain profile. Designing the layered foams allows tuning of the stress–strain profile, enabling desired energy-absorbing properties which are critical in diverse impact conditions.

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Process parameter effects on cellular structured materials using hollow glass spheres

Cited by 5 publications

References 32 publications

Bilayer Glass Foams with Tunable Energy Absorption via Localized Void Clusters

Bilayer Glass Foams with Tunable Energy Absorption via Localized Void Clusters

Enhanced energy absorption and microstructural studies on hollow glass microsphere filled closed cell aluminum matrix syntactic foam

Tunable Energy Absorbing Property of Bilayer Amorphous Glass Foam via Dry Powder Printing

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