Process optimisation on the compressive strength property for the 3D printing of PLA/almond shell composite

Abstract

In the fused deposition modelling technique, various type of thermoplastic is printed layer by layer. Among those biopolymers, Poly Lactic Acid occupies a massive space due to their excellent biodegradability. The present work concentrates on using almond shell particles as potential reinforcement in making Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) filaments by a filament extrusion process using a double screw extruder. The extruded filaments of 1.75 ± 0.5 mm diameter is used to make PLA/almond shell composite. This study distillates the effective process parameters for the 3D printing of PLA/almond shell composite and its compressive strength were evaluated. Design of Experiments is followed for the optimization process. The experiment was conducted by varying the five factors (infill pattern, infill density, printing orientation, printing temperature, and printing speed) and three levels. L27 orthogonal array is developed for the experimental procedure, and Taguchi optimization technique is employed for the optimization process for obtaining maximum compressive strength for the produced PLA/almond shell composite. The experimental results show that the infill density and printing orientation have a higher impact than the other printing process parameters with respect to the compressive properties. The mathematical models are developed from the optimization results for the compressive strength analysis of the PLA/almond shell composites. Based on the regression analysis results, the proposed mathematical model has an error percentage of 3.70% and has a good fit with the experimental results. Fractured samples clearly show that the higher infill density of PLA/almond shell samples doesn’t undergo premature buckling failure under the compressive loading.

Crushing behavior optimization of octagonal lattice‐structured thin‐walled 3D printed carbon fiber reinforced PETG (CF/PETG) composite tubes under axial loading

“…An indistinguishable observation on the increase in the layer height corresponds to a decreasing trend in the compressive strength was stated through Dhinakaran et al on almond shell/PLA composites. 42 Figure 6B clearly positions the outcome of nozzle temperature on the compressive strength of the octagonal lattice-structured CF/PETG thin-walled tubes. It is clear that the higher signal-to-noise ratio of 32.76 is observed in the instance of thin-walled structures developed at a nozzle temperature of 220 C. This is because, at a nozzle temperature of 220 C, even melting of the feedstock material occurs which leads to the attainment of effective inter-layer adhesion of the successively deposited composite layers.…”

Microwave-assisted extraction of cellulose nanocrystals from almond (Prunus amygdalus) shell waste

“…To overcome these concerns, the valorization of agro-food by-products has received growing attention in the last few years as a mean for farmers to have a second income from plantation, producing value-added compounds and contributing to a sustainable growth based on a circular economy ( 13 , 14 ). To date, AS has been used in different applications such as in the preparation of activated carbon ( 15 , 16 ), low-cost bioadsorbent from contaminated solutions ( 17 , 18 ), and reinforcement material in different matrices such as polypropylene ( 19 , 20 ) polylactic acid ( 21 , 22 ), or starch-based biocomposites ( 23 ). In this context, the main chemical constituents of AS are cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin ( 24 , 25 ).…”

Experimental-theoretical comparative analysis of PLA-based 3D lattice

“…In this research authors used almond shell as reinforcement in the PLA filament and then optimised the parameters. 10 Biodegradable Polymer blends have also been used to study the structural properties. In such research the blends were prepared with PLA, poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), and montmorillonite.…”