Process-influenced fatigue behavior of AISI 316L manufactured by powder- and wire-based Laser Direct Energy Deposition

Blinn, Bastian; Lion, Philipp; Jordan, Oliver; Meiniger, Steffen; Mischliwski, Stefan; Tepper, Cornelia; Gläßner, Christopher; Aurich, Jan C.; Weigold, Matthias; Beck, Tilmann

doi:10.1016/j.msea.2021.141383

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…This was clear from the results of the S-N curves and fractography analysis ( Figure 10 , Figure 11 and Figure 12 ), which demonstrated that the fatigue endurance of the WLAM 316L alloy was comparatively reduced. This observation was in accord with the results obtained by Blinn et al [ 33 ] in air. To explain the relatively reduced fatigue endurance of WLAM 316L, one should understand the solidification mechanism of the melt pools that are the cornerstone for the AM-DED layer-by-layer construction.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…This reveals that the endurance limit of WLAM 316L was significantly reduced compared to its counterpart AISI 316L alloy in both air (250 MPa vs. 305 MPa, respectively) and 3.5% NaCl solution (215 MPa vs. 250 MPa, respectively). Assuming that a rough estimation of the fatigue limit is at 2 × 10 6 cycles [ 48 , 49 ], the obtained S-N results related to the WLAM 316L alloy in air were in good agreement with the results of Blinn et al [ 33 ]. Relating to the detrimental effect of the corrosive environment on fatigue endurance, it was evident that both alloys suffered from quite a similar reduction of about 15% compared to tests carried out in air.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

“…They found that the detrimental effect on fatigue resistance was mainly due to the presence of large internal defects and building orientation. Blinn et al [ 33 ] examined the fatigue behavior of a 316L alloy produced by a laser-DED process using powder and wire as the feedstock materials. Their results showed that, in both cases, crack initiation took place at nonmetallic inclusions that were induced by the AM process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Influence of Intralayer Porosity and Phase Transition on Corrosion Fatigue of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel Obtained by Direct Energy Deposition Process

et al. 2022

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A direct energy deposition (DED) process using wires is considered an additive manufacturing technology that can produce large components at an affordable cost. However, the high deposition rate of the DED process is usually accompanied by poor surface quality and inherent printing defects. These imperfections can have a detrimental effect on fatigue endurance and corrosion fatigue resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the critical effect of phase transition and printing defects on the corrosion fatigue behavior of 316L stainless steel produced by a wire laser additive manufacturing (WLAM) process. For comparison, a standard AISI 316L stainless steel with a regular austenitic microstructure was studied as a counterpart alloy. The structural assessment of printing defects was performed using a three-dimensional non-destructive method in the form of X-ray microtomography (CT) analysis. The microstructure was evaluated by optical and scanning electron microscopy, while general electrochemical characteristics and corrosion performance were assessed by cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CCP) analysis and immersion tests. The fatigue endurance in air and in a simulated corrosive environment was examined using a rotating fatigue setup. The obtained results clearly demonstrate the inferior corrosion fatigue endurance of the 316L alloy produced by the WLAM process compared to its AISI counterpart alloy. This was mainly related to the drawbacks of WLAM alloys in terms of having a duplex microstructure (austenitic matrix and secondary delta-ferrite phase), reduced passivity, and a significantly increased amount of intralayer porosity that acts as a stress intensifier of fatigue cracking.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Influence of Intralayer Porosity and Phase Transition on Corrosion Fatigue of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel Obtained by Direct Energy Deposition Process

et al. 2022

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“…L-DED is a class of laser-based additive manufacturing processes considered capable to synthesize full-density high-performance metallic components. For 316L density values up to 99.9% were reported in [26,46].…”

Section: Fatigue Of L-ded 316lmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…For 316L, the use of this technique has been reported in [3,24,25], whereas a review of resulting microstructures and mechanical properties can be found in [12]. While the material melted by the laser is most often in powder form (L-DED-P), a wire form can also be used (L-DED-W) which offers a higher efficiency of material usage and higher deposition rates [26]. Laser-engineered net shaping (LENS) has also been documented for 316L in [27].…”

Section: Additive Manufacturing Technologies For Stainless Steel 316lmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatigue Behavior of Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel 316L

Avanzini

2022

Materials

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316L stainless steel is the material of choice for several critical applications in which a combination of mechanical strength and resistance to corrosion is required, as in the biomedical field. Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies can pave the way to new design solutions, but microstructure, defect types, and surface characteristics are substantially different in comparison to traditional processing routes, making the assessment of the long-term durability of AM materials and components a crucial aspect. In this paper a thorough review is presented of the relatively large body of recent literature devoted to investigations on fatigue of AM 316L, focusing on the comparison between different AM technologies and conventional processes and on the influence of processing and post-processing aspects in terms of fatigue strength and lifetime. Overall fatigue data are quite scattered, but the dependency of fatigue performances on surface finish, building orientation, and type of heat treatment can be clearly appreciated, as well as the influence of different printing processes. A critical discussion on the different testing approaches presented in the literature is also provided, highlighting the need for shared experimental test protocols and data presentation in order to better understand the complex correlations between fatigue behavior and processing parameters.

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Deposition Process

Kumar

2022

Additive Manufacturing Classification

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Process-influenced fatigue behavior of AISI 316L manufactured by powder- and wire-based Laser Direct Energy Deposition

Cited by 16 publications

References 31 publications

The Influence of Intralayer Porosity and Phase Transition on Corrosion Fatigue of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel Obtained by Direct Energy Deposition Process

The Influence of Intralayer Porosity and Phase Transition on Corrosion Fatigue of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel Obtained by Direct Energy Deposition Process

Fatigue Behavior of Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel 316L

Deposition Process

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