Process-induced strains in RTM processing of polyurethane/carbon composites

Canal, Luis P.; Benavente, Maria; Hausmann, Michael; Michaud, Véronique

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.08.018

Cited by 34 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Extensive research in this area indicates that the incorporation of nanoparticles in a PU matrix can improve significantly the mechanical and thermo‐mechanical properties of PU matrices . On the other hand, only very few and recent studies have dealt with the study of the effect of nanoparticles on the thermo‐mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polyurethanes (CF‐PU) . It is important to emphasize that the authors are referring specifically to polyurethanes used as matrices of fiber reinforced composites, which correspond to highly cross‐linked thermosetting polyurethanes such as poly(urethane‐isocyanurate) systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced fracture toughness of nanostructured carbon‐fiber reinforced poly(urethane‐isocyanurate) composites at low concentrations

Chiacchiarelli

Petrucci

Torre

2017

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Carbon fiber reinforced poly(urethane‐isocyanurate)‐nanosilica composites CF‐(PUI‐NS) were manufactured by means of the vacuum‐assisted resin transfer moulding technique (VARTM) at very low NS concentrations (0–4 wt%). The high strain to failure of the PUI matrix (>7%) affected tensile tests by CF reorientation. Both the tensile strength and strain to failure were highly dependent on its kinematics. CF(PUI‐NS) caused an increase of the static toughness with a maximum improvement of tensile strain to failure and modulus of +28.8% and +39% at 1 wt% and 2 wt% of NS, respectively. The interlaminar shear strength (GIC) of the composites showed both a deterioration of −12.9% and an improvement of +9.9% for NS concentrations of 1 wt% and 4 wt%, respectively. Regardless of the GIC value, all of the composites prepared with NS presented secondary maxima of the force versus displacement plots, indicating a substantial arrest of the crack propagation velocity after delamination started. Fractographic analysis revealed several features, such as fiber pull‐out, bridging as well as river patterns whereas the composites prepared with NS behaved in a more ductile fashion due to the presence of river patterns and a reduced fiber pull‐out. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:1241–1250, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced fracture toughness of nanostructured carbon‐fiber reinforced poly(urethane‐isocyanurate) composites at low concentrations

Chiacchiarelli

Petrucci

Torre

2017

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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“…For polyurethane processing, the already published studies on process simulation can be divided into the manufacturing processes reactive injection moulding (RIM) [1,2], resin transfer moulding (RTM) [3] and reactive extrusion (REX) [4]. Within these categories, it is to be distinguished whether the simulations are used to illustrate the manufacturing process of a product made of a compact or foamed PUR material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic Prediction of Fast Curing Polyurethane Resins by Model-Free Isoconversional Methods

Stanko

Stommel

2018

Polymers

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Abstract:In this work, the characterisation of reaction kinetics of a methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI)-based fast curing polyurethane resin (PUR) and the mathematical description of its curing process are presented. For the modelling of the reaction process isoconversional methods, which are also called model-free approaches, are used instead of model-based approaches. One of the main challenges is the characterisation of a reactive system with a short pot life, which already starts to crosslink below room temperature. The main focus is the evaluation of the applicability of isoconversional methods for predicting the reaction kinetics of fast curing polyurethane resins. In order to realise this, a repeatable methodology for the determination of time-and temperature-dependent reaction curves using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is defined. The cure models defined by this method serve as the basis for process simulations of PUR processing technologies such as resin transfer moulding (RTM) or reactive injection moulding (RIM) and reactive extrusion (REX). The characterisation of the reaction kinetics using DSC measurements is carried out under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. Within this work isoconversional methods have been applied successfully to experimentally determined DSC data sets. It is shown that the reaction kinetics of fast curing polyurethane resins can be predicted using this methods. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the time-dependent change of conversion of the considered polyurethane under isothermal curing conditions can also be predicted using isoconversional methods based on non-isothermal DSC measurements. This results in a significant reduction in the experimental effort required to characterise and model the curing process of polyurethanes.

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“…In fact, the resin's material behavior depends on not only DOC, but also temperature. In this context, the literature concerning the changes in elastic properties of thermosetting resins during the curing process is too numerous to comprehensively list here 28‐30 . In addition, the effects of stress relaxation and creep have recently been extensively studied in the literature 31‐34 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A decoupling scheme for two‐scale finite thermoviscoelasticity with thermal and cure‐induced deformations

Saito

Yamanaka

Matsubara

et al. 2020

Numerical Meth Engineering

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This article proposes a decoupling scheme for two-scale analysis of fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) exhibiting finite thermoviscoelasticity in consideration of the dependences of resin's mechanical and nonmechanical deformation characteristics on the degree of cure (DOC) and ambient temperature. To characterize the macroscopic material behavior, numerical material tests are carried out on a unit cell composed of a polymer resin matrix and carbon fibers. The generalized Maxwell model (GMM) is employed for resin' material behavior, while its orthotropic version is assumed for FRP. The evolution of DOC is reflected in the evaluation of the nonmechanical deformation by cure shrinkage in addition to thermal expansion/contraction. The key ingredient of this study is the novel strategy for identifying the macroscopic coefficients of these nonmechanical deformations, both of which must be separately defined in the equilibrium and nonequilibrium elements of the orthotropic GMM. In addition, a modification is originally made on the evolution equations of the nonequilibrium stresses in the GMM. The verification analyses are carried out to confirm the adequateness of the proposed identification methods and followed by numerical examples of two-scale analysis to demonstrate the capability of simulating the macro-and microscopic thermomechanical responses of FRP subjected to curing.

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Process-induced strains in RTM processing of polyurethane/carbon composites

Cited by 34 publications

References 24 publications

Enhanced fracture toughness of nanostructured carbon‐fiber reinforced poly(urethane‐isocyanurate) composites at low concentrations

Enhanced fracture toughness of nanostructured carbon‐fiber reinforced poly(urethane‐isocyanurate) composites at low concentrations

Kinetic Prediction of Fast Curing Polyurethane Resins by Model-Free Isoconversional Methods

A decoupling scheme for two‐scale finite thermoviscoelasticity with thermal and cure‐induced deformations

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