Process development of two-step esterification plus catalyst solution recycling on waste vegetable oil possessing high free fatty acid

Photaworn, Songtham; Tongurai, Chakrit; Kungsanunt, Suratsawadee

doi:10.1016/j.cep.2017.04.013

Cited by 36 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Moreover, the addition of excess H2SO4/FFA catalyst content could create a dark esterified oil and modify MeOH rich phase to lower phase by increasing of bulk density. [7,9]…”

Section: Interaction Effect Of Meoh/ffa Molar Ratio and H2so4/ffa Catmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The demerits of this approach shown that the more MeOH needs to be used, the more production costs could be increased. [8,10,11]…”

Section: Interaction Effect Of Meoh/ffa Molar Ratio and Reaction Tempmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the first stage, the higher slope of the contour of H2SO4/FFA catalyst content indicated higher influence of this variable in comparison with the reaction temperature. [7,8]…”

Section: Interaction Effect Of H2so4/ffa Catalyst Content and Reactiomentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Pre‐treatment of waste cooking oil with high free fatty acids content for biodiesel production: An optimization study via response surface methodology

Thoai

Hang

Lan

2019

Vietnam Journal of Chemistry

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Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel producing from vegetable oils or animal fats. At the present, most biodiesel is made from cooking oils with a very low amount of free fatty acid (FFA). Therefore, the cost of biodiesel is higher than petroleum diesel. However, the production cost of biodiesel can be reduced by using low‐cost feedstock oils such as waste cooking oil (WCO). There are some studies about acid‐catalyzed esterification process as a pretreatment of WCO with high FFA for biodiesel production. However, there have not many appropriate methods to optimize for this process. In this study, based on response surface methodology (RSM), a mathematical model was established which indicated the impact of independent experimental conditions as well as the relationship between these variables (MeOH/FFA molar ratio, H2SO4/FFA catalyst content, temperature and reaction time) to FFA conversion. This model was significant by comparison with both experimental value and predicted number of the FFA conversion, and showed strong agreement for experimental parameters. The FFA conversion of 90 % (FFA content of 0.40 wt%) was obtained in optimal conditions: MeOH/FFA molar ratio of 40.11, H2SO4/FFA catalyst content of 10.64 wt%, reaction temperature of 60 oC and reaction time of 5 h.

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“…Moreover, the addition of excess H2SO4/FFA catalyst content could create a dark esterified oil and modify MeOH rich phase to lower phase by increasing of bulk density. [7,9]…”

Section: Interaction Effect Of Meoh/ffa Molar Ratio and H2so4/ffa Catmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The demerits of this approach shown that the more MeOH needs to be used, the more production costs could be increased. [8,10,11]…”

Section: Interaction Effect Of Meoh/ffa Molar Ratio and Reaction Tempmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pre‐treatment of waste cooking oil with high free fatty acids content for biodiesel production: An optimization study via response surface methodology

Thoai

Hang

Lan

2019

Vietnam Journal of Chemistry

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“…This has resulted in poor yield as well as need for products purification [63,65]. Waste cooking oils also contain water, which if not removed will promote hydrolysis of triglyceride to form more FFA [66]. The choice of the catalyst is a key factor when producing biodiesel via catalytic transesterification, which is also dependent on the FFA existent in the oil [67].…”

Section: Production Of Methyl Esters From Waste Palm Oilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oleochemicals from Palm Oil for the Petroleum Industry

Rabiu¹,

Elias²,

Oyekola³

2018

Palm Oil

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Waste vegetable oils as a sustainable, low-cost and low-toxicity feedstock are attracting more interests for the production of oleochemicals that are excellent substitutes for petroleum-based chemicals widely used in the petroleum industry. The compounds resulting from transesterification-epoxidation-sulfonation of waste vegetable oils have great potential as bio-based surface active agents with extensive application in the petroleum industry. The oleo-surfactant from vegetable oils is gaining increasing attention as alternative to the costlier and non-biodegradable petrochemical-based surfactants currently in use. This chapter reports on cost-effective processes to convert waste palm oil into high-grade surfactants aiming at its filed application in petroleum production to enhance recovery of crude oils from reservoir. The first section focused on the formulation of a high-performance bifunctional solid catalyst with basic and acidic sites that are able to mediate simultaneous esterification and transesterification reactions. In the second part, the methyl esters were epoxidized and then sulfonated to produce the anionic surfactant. The feedstock and the methyl ester produced were analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) and the sulfonated functional group (S═O) was detected using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis.

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“…Therefore, often acids are only used as a pretreatment (esterification) method only to lower FFA or acid value to the acceptable points (0.5% or 1 mg KOH/g, respectively), prior to the commencement of the alkaline-catalyzed transesterification reaction (Montefrio et al, 2010;Hasheminejad et al, 2011). Homogeneous acids (such as HCl, H 2 SO 4 , H 3 PO 4 ) have been widely applied as catalyst for esterification of high FFA oil feedstocks (Photaworn et al, 2017;Murad et al, 2018). Overall, the main shortcomings of using homogeneous acids include high quantity of alcohol consumed, and that the acid used could not be recovered and should be neutralized as well.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential of Acid-Activated Bentonite and SO3H-Functionalized MWCNTs for Biodiesel Production From Residual Olive Oil Under Biorefinery Scheme

et al. 2018

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Application of acid-activated bentonite and SO 3 H-functionlized multiwall carbon nanotubes (SO 3 H-MWCNTs) for lowering free fatty acids (FFAs) content of low-quality residual olive oil, prior to alkali-catalyzed transesterification was investigated. The used bentonite was first characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Inductively Coupled Plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and was subsequently activated by different concentrations of H 2 SO 4 (3, 5, and 10 N). Specific surface area of the original bentonite was measured by Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) method at 45 m 2 /g and was best improved after 5 N-acid activation (95-98 • C, 2 h) reaching 68 m 2 /g. MWCNTs was synthesized through methane decomposition (Co-Mo/MgO catalyst, 900 • C) during the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. After two acid-purification (HCl, HNO 3 ) and two deionized-water-neutralization steps, SO 3 H was grafted on MWCNTs (concentrated H 2 SO 4 , 110 • C for 3 h) and again neutralized with deionized water and then dried. The synthesized SO 3 H-MWCNTs were analyzed using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The activated bentonite and SO 3 H-MWCNTs were utilized (5 wt.% and 3 wt.%, respectively), as solid catalysts in esterification reaction (62 • C, 450 rpm; 15:1 and 12:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 27 h and 8 h, respectively), to convert FFAs to their corresponding methyl esters. The results obtained revealed an FFA to methyl ester conversion of about 67% for the activated bentonite and 65% for the SO 3 H-MWCNTs. More specifically, the acid value of the residual olive oil was decreased significantly from 2.5 to 0.85 and 0.89 mg KOH/g using activated bentonite and SO 3 H-MWCNTs, respectively. The total FFAs in the residual olive oil after esterification was below 0.5%, Rahimzadeh et al.Economic Solid-Catalysts for Biodiesel Production which was appropriate for efficient alkaline-transesterification reaction. Both catalysts can effectively pretreat low-quality oil feedstock for sustainable biodiesel production under a biorefinery scheme. Overall, the acid-activate bentonite was found more convenient, cost-effective, and environment-friendly than the SO 3 H-MWCNTs.

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Process development of two-step esterification plus catalyst solution recycling on waste vegetable oil possessing high free fatty acid

Cited by 36 publications

References 21 publications

Pre‐treatment of waste cooking oil with high free fatty acids content for biodiesel production: An optimization study via response surface methodology

Pre‐treatment of waste cooking oil with high free fatty acids content for biodiesel production: An optimization study via response surface methodology

Oleochemicals from Palm Oil for the Petroleum Industry

Potential of Acid-Activated Bentonite and SO3H-Functionalized MWCNTs for Biodiesel Production From Residual Olive Oil Under Biorefinery Scheme

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