Process Design of the Antioxidant Shuidouchi and Its Effect on Preventing Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-Induced Colitis in Mice via Antioxidant Activity

Abstract

Shuidouchi is a traditionally fermented soybean product in China. Shuidouchi production requires a variety of processes; however, the production process has not been standardized. It can be developed into high-quality products with enhanced health effects by improving the design of its fermentation process and increasing the content of its active ingredients. In this study, a single-factor experiment was conducted that established different process conditions to determine the fermentation conditions that achieve the highest content of active ingredients and the best in vitro antioxidant effect. The effect of Shuidouchi on the prevention of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice was also observed. The obtained results indicated that the optimal process conditions involved soaking for 12 h, placement in a glass container, and fermentation at 35 • C for 48 h. Shuidouchi that was fermented under such conditions had the highest level of soybean isoflavones and exerted greater antioxidant effects than if fermented under other conditions. The Shuidouchi extract (soaking twice the quantity of water for 12 h, placing in a glass container, and fermenting at 35 • C for 48 h) obtained by using the optimal fermentation process can prevent the shortening of the colon and increase the weight-to-length ratio of the colon that is caused by colitis. Shuidouchi extraction not only effectively reduces the disease activity index and the levels of serum endothelin (ET), substance P (SP), and interleukin-10 (IL-10), it also increases the levels of somatostatin (SS), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and interleukin-2 (IL-2) of mice with colitis. In addition, Shuidouchi extraction increased the levels of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in colitis mice; in contrast, Shuidouchi decreased the levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the colon of mice with colitis. Further detection of mRNA in colon tissues showed that Shuidouchi extraction can upregulate the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), c-Kit, and the stem cell factor (SCF). Furthermore, it can downregulate the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CXCR2) in the colon of mice with colitis. Further experimental results showed that Shuidouchi could reduce the protein expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in colitic mice. Therefore, the improved processing of Shuidouchi inhibits colitis, which is directly related to the high content of soybean isoflavones.

Protective effect of Lactobacillus plantarum YS3 on dextran sulfate sodium‐induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice

“…The colon length and colon weight/length ratio were among the criteria for assessing the severity of UC. The colon length of DSS‐induced UC mice was shorter than that of control mice, and the colon weight/length ratio of UC mice was decreased compared to normal mice (Zhang, Chen et al., 2019; Zhang, Li et al, 2019). These results indicated that LP‐YS3 could improve colitis.…”

Preventive Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus XY27 on DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice

“…1,5,6 UC can be treated by regulating intestinal flora and increasing the number of probiotic. [7][8][9] Therefore, increasing attention was paid to the potential and beneficial roles of probiotics in the control and regulation of IBD. Meta-analyses and systematic review reports showed that probiotics were beneficial to the treatment of IBD, especially the combined use of probiotics in treating UC.…”

Prophylactic Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum YS4 on Oxazolone‐Induced Colitis in BALB/c Mice

“…The aggregation of neutrophils began to decline after intestinal inflammation, and a large amount of them entered into the circulation and migrated to tissues. At the same time, free radicals, such as reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, gathered in large quantities, which in turn led to damage and toxicity of colon tissue, and further aggravated colitis [ 21 ]. After colitis, the levels of SOD and GSH were reduced in colon tissue, while those of MDA and MPO were elevated.…”