Process control testing for fused filament fabrication

Oluwashola, AkandeStephen; Dalgarno, Kenneth; Munguia, Javier

doi:10.1108/rpj-07-2015-0084

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(13 reference statements)

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“…Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is believed to be the most used type of AM by the citizen supply chain in responding to COVID-19 equipment shortages due to the wide availability of low-cost desktop 3D printers which are relatively simplistic and easy to use [ 22 ]. FFF in particular produces anisotropic parts due to the layering nature of the technology [ 23 ]. This means parts are weaker in the direction they were built and quality is often considered lower than alternative AM methods [ 8 ].…”

Section: Risks and Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Covid-19: Additive Manufacturing Response in the Uk

Parry

Banks

2020

J. 3D Print. Med.

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, a novel coronavirus, caused global disruption specifically in linear supply chains. Increased demand for already disrupted services led to a global shortage of medical equipment and personal protective equipment. Use of additive manufacturing (AM) processes by the manufacturing community has shown great innovation, agility and flexibility to fill supply chain gaps and meet shortfalls. In the context of contingency reaction to a global healthcare emergency, decisions have had to be made quickly, in some cases bypassing device safety regulations. This concentrated and spontaneous use of AM has highlighted the challenges and risks of such innovation, which we discuss in relation to the UK’s current regulatory landscape. We have discussed lessons learned and the potential future impact upon wider use of AM in healthcare.

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Section: Risks and Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Covid-19: Additive Manufacturing Response in the Uk

Parry

Banks

2020

J. 3D Print. Med.

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“…The FFF process most often involves the melt deposition of molten polymer or polymer composites in the form of continuous filaments. [2,[7][8][9][10] The commonly used filaments in FFF with low performance are some neat polymer material, such as polyamide 6 (PA6), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). The commonly used filaments with high performance are fiber-reinforced composite materials, such as long glass fiber (LGF) reinforced polyamide (PA) and long carbon fiber (LCF) reinforced polyether ether ketone (PEEK).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer reinforced polypropylene composites enhanced with carbon nanotubes for use in fused filament fabrication

Han

Chen

et al. 2021

Polymer Composites

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The objective of this research was to enhance the mechanical properties of wholly thermoplastic composites (WTCs) used in fused filament fabrication (FFF). Multiscale thermoplastic composites, which were based on the use of polypropylene (PP) reinforced with thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (TLCP) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), were prepared by a method combining supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 )-aided exfoliation and dual-extrusion technologies. Significant enhancement of tensile properties was observed by using 1 wt% exfoliated CNTs to reinforce WTCs consisting of PP with and without maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP, 16 wt%). With 1 wt% CNTs and 16 wt% MAPP dual reinforcement, 20 wt% TLCP reinforced WTCs based on PP exhibited 265%, 274%, and 182% improvement in the tensile modulus of the filaments, laid up specimens in the concentric pattern, and laid up specimens in ±45 rectilinear pattern, respectively. For tensile strength, 1 wt% CNTs reinforcement combined with 16 wt% MAPP improved the 20 wt% TLCP reinforced WTC filaments, laid down parts in the concentric pattern, and ±45 rectilinear patterns by 73%, 53%, and 65%, respectively. The tensile modulus and strength of multiscale WTC based on MAPP/PP specimens laid down with a concentric pattern are higher than those reported for PP/40 wt% short carbon fiber and PP/48.5 wt% short glass fiber laid down specimens. The advanced tensile modulus properties of 1 wt% CNTs reinforced WTCs are competitive with 9 wt% continuous carbon fiber reinforced nylon composite materials in FFF. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed extremely strong interfacial adhesion between the TLCP fibrils and the matrix in multiscale WTC filaments and laid down parts, compared to the WTCs with no CNTs reinforcement. The advanced interfacial adhesion between TLCP fibrils and matrix resulted in an enhancement in the tensile strength. The exfoliated CNTs were premixed with the matrix, but they were trapped at and aligned with TLCP fibrils, which may be the primary reason for tensile modulus enhancement.

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A Review of Additive Manufacturing in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

Culbreath,

Taylor,

McCullen

et al. 2024

Biomedical Materials & Devices

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As layer upon layer manufacturing approaches continue to advance the development of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine scaffolds, more products that leverage additive manufacturing methods such as 3D printing and electrospinning have been commercialized for the marketplace. This is especially true for additive manufacturing. Modifications to process parameters allow optimization of mechanical properties. This expands the applicability of currently available bioresorbable materials for tissue engineering advances. This review aims to identify these areas for potential research that would advance the field, specifically focusing on the additive manufacturing of tissue scaffolds with bioresorbable materials. To date, the terms “tissue engineering” and “additive manufacturing” have accelerated in use within research publications, and the clarity of what is required has also increased. Current reports encourage imminent successes in the field of tissue engineering with new potential for biomimicry, improved patient outcomes, and established paths for regulatory compliance. Nonetheless, there are still several challenges to overcome. As outlined in this review, a successful tissue scaffold must address and optimize six (6) critical aspects of the design and performance: biocompatibility, mechanical properties, material resorption, porosity, manufacturing, and biochemical modification. Each vital perspective of a tissue scaffold was thoroughly represented in literature. However, the totality of these aspects must be considered at the onset of a novel design poised to transition the field into an advanced future due to the interconnectivity of each criterion with each other. This is especially true when providing a new device to the clinic considering the design control focus of regulatory statutes. Bioresorbable, aliphatic polyesters hold great potential to aid this progress and mitigate a portion of the trials faced. They are proven compatible with current additive manufacturing processes and boast decades of biocompatibility established through clinical use. The development process, prioritization of processing parameters, and successful navigation through regulations have been observed with products such as Osteoplug®, Restrata®, and Biowick®. These devices exemplified the critical nature of the six aspects, and most especially the first five of them. They were specifically designed to provide environments that support bio-integration at the point of use. The native tissue provides the necessary biologics to off-the-shelf scaffold structures for successful, vascularized tissue regeneration, and ultimately, patient outcomes have been improved. This review focuses on the six critical scaffold characteristics when designing tissue scaffolds with resorbable medical-grade polymers, layer-by-layer fabrication methods, and the commercialization path for the resulting medical products.

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Process control testing for fused filament fabrication

Cited by 6 publications

References 19 publications

Covid-19: Additive Manufacturing Response in the Uk

Covid-19: Additive Manufacturing Response in the Uk

Thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer reinforced polypropylene composites enhanced with carbon nanotubes for use in fused filament fabrication

A Review of Additive Manufacturing in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

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