“…The optimization methods that have been used to geotechnical and geomechanical problems are: classical (iterative) optimization method, inverse analysis, genetic algorithm, and artificial neural network. Previous studies expose the capability of the classical optimization in geotechnical and geomechanical applications to calibrate appropriately the elastoplastic model parameters (Mattsson et al, 2001;Cekerevac et al, 2006;Doherty et al, 2012, Feng et al, 2019. Classical optimization method requires the search for the minimum value of an objective function over the whole domain according to whether it evaluates Hessians, gradient, or only function values (Mattsson et al, 2001;Doherty et al, 2012).…”