Procedural Sedation and Analgesia in the Emergency Department: Recommendations for Physician Credentialing, Privileging, and Practice

Middle latency auditory-evoked potential index for predicting the degree of consciousness of comatose patients in EDs

“…We suggest that these results are important in patients with DOC to evaluate the degree of consciousness, when procedural sedation and analgesia are administered in EDs. Procedural sedation is commonly performed in EDs to facilitate orthopedic reductions, cardioversions, incision and drainage, and wound care [14][15][16]. Thus, emergency physicians must have sufficient knowledge of monitoring sedation depth as well as changes in the science of procedural sedation.…”

Randomized, Double-Blinded, Clinical Trial of Propofol, 1:1 Propofol/Ketamine, and 4:1 Propofol/Ketamine for Deep Procedural Sedation in the Emergency Department

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] The dissociative agent ketamine maintains cardiopulmonary stability [8][9][10] but can result in extended recovery, emesis, hypersalivation, and hallucinations. 6,8,[10][11][12][13] The popular combination of propofol and ketamine ("ketofol") is purported to reduce respiratory depression, emesis, and recovery time by counteracting the negative effects of one drug with the positive effects of the other, 11,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] although the best evidence thus far does not indicate a reduction in airway and respiratory adverse events relative to propofol alone.…”

Procedural Sedation and Analgesia in Emergency Department

“…For other ED practitioner such as physician assistants, nurse practitioners and physician's from other specialties such as family medicine working in ED; the chief of ED grants privileges for use of PSA. (3,4) …”