Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels at admission as predictors of duration of acute brain dysfunction in critically ill patients

Abstract

IntroductionNon-intensive care unit (ICU) cohorts have shown an association between inflammatory disturbances and delirium, though these relationships have not been studied in critically ill patients. This study sought to investigate the relationship between two inflammatory biomarkers, procalcitonin and C-reactive protein (CRP), and duration of acute brain dysfunction in ventilated patients.MethodsPatients enrolled in the Maximizing Efficacy of Targeted Sedation and Reducing Neurological Dysfunction (MENDS) trial were assessed daily for delirium using the Confusion Assessment Method-ICU. Plasma levels of procalcitonin and CRP were obtained within 24 hours of enrollment. Proportional odds logistic regression was used to examine the association between procalcitonin and CRP separately with delirium/coma-free days, adjusting for age, acute physiology score (APS) of the Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II, sedation group (dexmedetomidine vs. lorazepam), and sepsis. Secondary analyses examined the association of these markers with other organ dysfunctions and 28-day survival.ResultsEighty-seven patients were included in this analysis. The median age of the patients was 60 years with APACHE II scores of 28; 68% had sepsis within 48 hours of admission. Higher levels of procalcitonin were associated with fewer delirium/coma-free days [odds ratio (OR), 0.5; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.3 to 1.0; P = 0.04], whereas higher CRP levels showed trends towards fewer delirium/coma-free days (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.3 to 1.1; P = 0.08). Similar relationships were found regardless of the presence of sepsis. No associations were found between procalcitonin or CRP with 28-day survival (P = 0.40 and 0.16, respectively).ConclusionsIn our pilot study, high baseline inflammatory biomarkers predicted prolonged periods of acute brain dysfunction, implicating inflammation as an important mechanism in the pathophysiology of delirium and coma during critical illness, irrespective of whether patients had sepsis or not.

Septic encephalopathy: does inflammation drive the brain crazy?

“…43 Krabbe et al, 41 using a human endotoxemia model, showed that a low-grade increase in the concentrations of TNF-a, its soluble receptor (sTNF-R), IL-6, and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) was inversely associated with declarative memory performance. This was independent of physical stress symptoms or activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, suggesting that low-level systemic inflammation had a negative effect on some areas related to cognitive function.…”

Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein in pericardial fluid for postmortem diagnosis of sepsis

“…In clinical practice, procalcitonin and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels have been investigated, either individually or in conjunction with other cytokines, to distinguish sepsis from severe, systemic, non-infectious inflammations [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Procalcitonin has been indicated as the best marker of infection in critically ill patients admitted to intensive care units, whereas measurements of CRP and other cytokines, such as interleukin-6, have been shown to be non-optimal in discriminating patients with infections from those with non-infectious diseases or systemic inflammatory response syndrome [2].…”

Delirium: an update for internists and psychiatrists

“…Además, está demostrado que en respuestas a eventos traumáticos o sistémicos, el sistema inflamatorio se activa, causando que monocitos y macrófagos produzcan neopterina, citocinas y especies reactivas de oxígeno, todos los cuales pueden ser encontrados en el (16,17,18) plasma, la orina y el líquido cefalorraquídeo de pacientes con delirium .…”