Problems regarding the macroseismicity of the Calabro-Sicilian region: a review

Bottari, Antonio; Federico, B.; Giudice, E. Lo; Pietrafesa, M.; Teramo, A.

doi:10.1016/0040-1951(91)90198-2

Cited by 3 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…The first phase of the eruption began on January 30, 1974 and lasted for 17 days (Bottari et al, 1975). During this Phase I, ten lava flow units were emplaced through a series of explosive episodes ( Figure 1A), with "violent Strombolian" activity building the Mount De Fiore I (MDF I) cone (Guest et al, 1974).…”

Section: The 1974 Low Flank Eruption Of Mount Etnamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lava flows were described as "sluggish" with estimated viscosities of 10 4 -10 5 Pa s (Tanguy and Kieffer, 1976), and flow fronts generally advanced at just a few meters per hour (Guest et al, 1974). In the second phase, the source of activity shifted 300 m to the west ( Figure 1A) to feed a second cinder cone and lava flows that extended no more than 1.3 km from the vent (Bottari et al, 1975). The January-March 1974 event on Mt.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the January-March 1974 low flank eruption of Mt. Etna (Guest et al, 1974;Tazieff, 1974;Bottari et al, 1975;Tanguy and Kieffer, 1976;Corsaro et al, 2009) seems to have been an outlier to this typology, representing a loweffusion rate, low-volume, high-viscosity, and low-velocity endmember. By linking magma properties (density and crystallinity), through rheology, to eruptive style we provide a link between magma storage and ascent conditions (as defined by Corsaro et al, 2009) and the superficial manifestation of a lowflank effusive event in terms of lava flow emplacement dynamics and style, as well as flow unit and field dimensions and morphology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The January-March 1974 event on Mt. Etna therefore represents a low flank eruption characterized by relatively low effusion rate emission of a small volume of lava, and emplacement of short, slow moving lava flows of, for a basaltic system, high viscosity (Guest et al, 1974;Tazieff, 1974;Bottari et al, 1975;Tanguy and Kieffer, 1976;Corsaro et al, 2009). It consequently differs in all respects to most events associated with low flank effusive eruptions (cf.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Corsaro et al (2009) then thoroughly defined the eruption in terms of chemistry and petrology and explored the erupted products in terms of the magmatic system that fed the eruption. Corsaro et al (2009) also reviewed the precursory activity focusing on the seismic events as reported in Bottari et al (1975) and Guerra et al (1976). In terms of eruption settings at Etna, Corsaro et al (2009) defined the event as a "deep dikefed" eruption, as opposed to "the more common central conduitfed flank eruptions" that feed Etna's effusive activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The 1974 West Flank Eruption of Mount Etna: A Data-Driven Model for a Low Elevation Effusive Event

et al. 2020

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Low elevation flank eruptions represent highly hazardous events due to their location near, or in, communities. Their potentially high effusion rates can feed fast moving lava flows that enter populated areas with little time for warning or evacuation, as was the case at Nyiragongo in 1977. The January–March 1974 eruption on the western flank of Mount Etna, Italy, was a low elevation effusive event, but with low effusion rates. It consisted of two eruptive phases, separated by 23 days of quiescence, and produced two lava flow fields. We describe the different properties of the two lava flow fields through structural and morphological analyses using UAV-based photogrammetry, plus textural and rheological analyses of samples. Phase I produced lower density (∼2,210 kg m−3) and crystallinity (∼37%) lavas at higher eruption temperatures (∼1,080°C), forming thinner (2–3 m) flow units with less-well-developed channels than Phase II. Although Phase II involved an identical source magma, it had higher densities (∼2,425 kg m−3) and crystallinities (∼40%), and lower eruption temperatures (∼1,030°C), forming thicker (5 m) flow units with well-formed channels. These contrasting properties were associated with distinct rheologies, Phase I lavas having lower viscosities (∼103 Pa s) than Phase II (∼105 Pa s). Effusion rates were higher during Phase I (≥5 m3/s), but the episodic, short-lived nature of each lava flow emplacement event meant that flows were volume-limited and short (≤1.5 km). Phase II effusion rates were lower (≤4 m3/s), but sustained effusion led to flow units that could still extend 1.3 km, although volume limits resulted from levee failure and flow avulsion to form new channels high in the lava flow system. We present a petrologically-based model whereby a similar magma fed both phases, but slower ascent during Phase II may have led to greater degrees of degassing resulting in higher cooling-induced densities and crystallinities, as well as lower temperatures. We thus define a low effusion rate end-member scenario for low elevation effusive events, revealing that such events are not necessarily of high effusion rate and velocity, as in the catastrophic event scenarios of Etna 1669 or Kilauea 2018.

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Section: The 1974 Low Flank Eruption Of Mount Etnamentioning

confidence: 99%