Problems in the Assessment of Tardive Dyskinesia

Tardive Dyskinesia: Barriers to the Professional Recognition of an Iatrogenic Disease

“…Indeed, an evaluation of antidepressant drug research (Prien and Levine 1984) suggests that this is so. However, a number of major researchers in the TD field (Gardos and Cole 1980;Jeste and Wyatt 1982b;Sprague et al 1984) maintain that TD does pose a more difficult research problem than other drug-related issues, for reasons mentioned in the preceding discussion. Also, despite attempts to devise and implement standardized rating scales of severity of TD, such scales have arbitrary cut points (Gardos and Cole 1980) and have not been subject to the scrutiny usually seen in other rating scales in terms of reliability, validity, and stability (Sprague e~al.…”

“…In 1975, NIMH researchers developed the now widely used AIMS (Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale) (Gardos and Cole 1980). In 1979 the American Psychiatric Association's Task Force on Tardive Dyskinesia published its final report.…”

Diurnal and weekly variation of tardive dyskinesia measured by digital image processing

“…The precise degree to which any of these sources contribute to overall variability is unknown. These observations have been primarily determined empirically, with few studies having specifically addressed these issues (Gardos and Cole 1980;Richardson et al 1982).…”

Clinical assessment of the extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotic drugs

“…There are several versions of the guidelines for conducting the AIMS examination (Lane et al, 1985;Munetz and Benjamin, 1988). Gardos and Cole (1980) summarized the reliability of multi-item scales as 'variable', but satisfactory levels of inter-rater have been demonstrated for the more widelyused scales such as the AIMS (Smith et al, 1979;Lane et al, 1985) and the Simpson/Rockland rating scale (Simpson et al, 1979).…”