“…wall fracture is assumed at thickness strains ε t o À 0.45 (at thickness reduction 4 36%), which is observed at the fracture sections of the experimentally failed cups. It is worth noting that wall fracture in deep spinning occurs due to localized necking, which allows further thinning after necking before rupture than that for diffused necking [24]. In deep spinning, two necks are usually observed in the successful cups, cup bottom neck, neck I, and cup wall neck, neck II.…”