Problems in fractionating calcium in plant tissue

Ferguson, Ian B.; Turner, N. A.; Bollard, E. G.

doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740310103

Cited by 30 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…An important function of Ca in plants is to increase the rigidity of the cell wall, and to promote cohesion of neighbouring cells (Demarty et al 1984), However, in kiwifruit a large proportion of the Ca is associated with Ca oxalate crystals or with seeds (Schmid 1978;Ferguson 1980;Ferguson et al 1980). Thus, it is likely that much of the Ca measured in the present study, where entire fruit were macerated for analysis, Hopkirk et al-Calcium and firmness of kiwifruit was sequestered or occurred in a form that had little influence on kiwifruit firmness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium and the firmness of kiwifruit

Hopkirk

Harker

Harman³

1990

New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science

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The effect of calcium (Ca) concentration on the fmnness of kiwifruit during cool-storage was investigated by (a) postharvest dipping of fruit in CaCI 2 , and (b) comparing endogenous Ca and frimness of fruit which differed in one of the following orchard or fruit variables: fruit size; crop load; position of the fruit on the vine; exposure to sunlight during growth; and irrigation treatments. Postharvest dipping of kiwifruit in 2, 3, 4, or 5% CaCl 2 reduced the rate of fruit softening early in storage, resulting in fruit which were fmner after storage than control fruit. However, severe pitting of the fruit skin developed during storage as a result of dipping in 5 % CaCI 2 . Total endogenous Ca levels in kiwifruit from several orchard sources ranged from 1.7 to 2.7 mg/g dry weight, but were not correlated with fruit firmness during storage. Furthermore, lines of kiwifruit which became particularly soft during storage had Ca concentrations similar to or even higher than lines of fruit which had remained fmner. These results are discussed in relation to the prediction of fruit firmness during storage, and the potential of developing commercial postharvest treatments for maintaining fmnness of kiwifruit. H90030

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium and the firmness of kiwifruit

Hopkirk

Harker

Harman³

1990

New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science

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“…The vacuoles of epidermal cells of C. communis are known to accumulate large quantities of Ca in the form of Ca oxalate. The implications are that the major fraction of Ca in epidermal cells was probably Ca oxalate and if so it is likely to be metabolically inactive (Ferguson et al 1980). What is enigmatic is why a plant apparently showing Ca deficiency should still partition a major proportion of its Ca, at least of that in the epidermis, to a metabolically inactive pool.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An attempt was made to partition total Ca witbin epidermal tissue by sequential fractionation into tbree discrete biological pools (Ferguson, Turner & Bollard, 1980). Epidermal tissue was rapidly isolated and frozen in liquid nitrogen.…”

Section: Caleitim Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Firstly acetic acid was used to extract water-soluble Ca salts of inorganic and organic acids and ion-excbangeable forms associated witb pbytates and pectates. Tbis fraction bas been considered as a measure of tbe pbysiologically active Ca (see Ferguson et al, 1980;Clark, Smitb cjt Walker, 1987). A second fractionation employed 0-25 M HCl wbicb primarily solubilized tbe Ca oxalate present (Ferguson et al, 1980), and finally, tbe remaining residual material was digested in concentrated nitric HCl (1:3, v/v) to yield Ca associated witb sparingly soluble compounds sucb as Ca silicate.…”

Section: Caleitim Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Control of stomatal aperture by calcium in isolated epidermal tissue and whole leaves of Commelina communis L.

Atkinson¹,

Mansfield²,

Kean³

et al. 1989

New Phytologist

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SUMMARYPlants of Commelina communis L. were grown in media containing different concentrations of calcium from 1 to 8 mol m"^. After 4 weeks' growth stomatal behaviour was studied both on the intact plants and on isolated abaxial epidermis. The efTect of Ca nutrition on stomatal opening was apparetitly different according to these two methods of observation. The apertures measured in light and in absence of COj were smaller oti abaxial epidermal strips from plants grown at larger Ca concentrations than those grown at smaller concentrations. The inhibition of opening 'was thought to be due to the presence of free Ca^'^ ions because inhibition was not found when fi^GTA %vas included in the medium used for incubating the isolated epidermis, and significant quantities of Ca were lost to the medium by epidermal tissue from plants grown on high concentrations of Ca.Studies on the leaves of intact plants were made with a diffusion porometer and hy gas exchange techniques using a leaf cuvette in which the environment was closely controlled. /2/f, curves were used to partition nonstomatal and stomatal limitations to gas exchange. Porometer measuremetits of stomatal conductatice, determined within the growth room, indicated reduced values for plants grown at low Ca compared with those grown at high Ca, i.e. the observations contradicted those obtained with isolated epidermis.Biomass production increased with Ca up to 4 mol m"^. Analysis of A/c^ curves indicated that plants grown at the larger Ca concentration showed significantly greater valties for carboxylation efficiency (dA/ticy Partitioning of stomatal and non-stomatal limitations to carbon fixatioti indicated that the gas-phase limitations of COj were similar at different Ca concentrations. Differences in carboxylation efficiency eotild account for the greater biomass accumulation found at the larger Ca concentration.Calcium analysis indicated that plants grown at high Ca contained greater bulk leaf Ca concentrations, and a difference in Ca concentration was also evident in epidermal tissue, hut the relative distribution of fractionated epidernnal Ca was similar. Xylem sap Ca analysis also revealed more Ca in the apoplast of high Ca growti plants.The differences in stomatal behaviour in isolated epidermis and in the intact leaves suggest that in Ca-rich plants, the level of free Ca** ions in the vicinity of guard cells is controlled, thus preventing inhibition of stomatal opening and interference with gas exchange. The loss of this control when epidermis is detached implies that the presence of the mesophyll tissue is important.

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“…Leaf material (0-1 g) was sequentially fractionated with 14 M acetic acid, followed by 0-25 M HCl (Ferguson et al, 1980). The centrifuged extracts and the solid residue were digested with nitric-perchloric acid.…”

Section: Analytical Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Form, Distribution and Seasonal Accumulation of Calcium in Kiwifruit Leaves

Clark

Smith

Walker³

1987

New Phytologist

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SUMMARYSeasonal changes in the content of Ca and Mg in leaf hlades collected from mature kiwifruit [Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C. F. Liang et A. R. Ferguson var. deliciosa] vines in a highproducing orchard were measured by a sequential fractionation procedure (14 M acetic acid, 0-25 M HCl and residual). Total Ca and Mg concentrations decreased within the first 4 weeks of growth, but increased linearly thereafter to be 1322 and 197 //mol g~^ dry weight, respectively, by leaf fall. Total quantities of Ca and Mg accumulated at this time were approximately 2500 and 380/imol per blade. Calcium oxalate, dissolved in the HCl extract, was the predominant fraction at every harvest, accounting for up to 79 % of the total Ca content shortly after leaf emergence, and decreasing to 42 % at leaf fall. The quantity of physiologically active Ca (acetic acid-soluhle) ranged from a minimum of 15 % (8 weeks after emergence) to a maximum of 41 % at the end of the season. Forms of Ca remaining in the solid residue after extraction made only a minor contribution (3 to 21 %) to the total content at any time during the season. In contrast, however, 89 to 96% of the total Mg was extracted by acetic acid at every harvest, with the remainder dissolved hy HCl. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis of the lamina of mature leaves indicated the presence of two crystalline, Ca-rich products which differed in their morphology, location and distribution. Large styloids (120 to 270 //m in length) were concentrated in idioblasts adjacent to vascular tissue, while bundles of four-sided raphides, containing wedge-shaped apices, were located predominantly hetween the major transport vessels of the vascular tissue. X-ray diffraction analysis of crystalline isolates confirmed that both morphological forms are calcium oxalate monohydrate (whewellite).

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Problems in fractionating calcium in plant tissue

Cited by 30 publications

References 21 publications

Calcium and the firmness of kiwifruit

Calcium and the firmness of kiwifruit

Control of stomatal aperture by calcium in isolated epidermal tissue and whole leaves of Commelina communis L.

The Form, Distribution and Seasonal Accumulation of Calcium in Kiwifruit Leaves

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