Problems associated with the thin-film Ag/AgCl reference electrode and a novel structure with improved durability

Suzuki, Hiroaki; Hiratsuka, Atsunori; Sasaki, Satoshi; Karube, Isao

doi:10.1016/s0925-4005(98)00043-4

Cited by 129 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…tens of the micrometer range [12]. With anodization, the rate of AgCl formation depends on the applied current density and the time of the anodization [22]. Different current density and anodizing time have been reported for the preparation of sensors, e.g., 0.4 mA/cm 2 for 30 min [16,19], 2 mA/cm 2 for 30 min [17], 0.2 mA/cm 2 for 1 h [18], 0.4 mA/cm 2 for 2 h [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure, surface chemistry and electrochemical response of Ag|AgCl sensors in alkaline media

et al. 2018

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Characterization of the Ag/AgCl electrode is a necessary step toward its application as a chloride sensor in a highly alkaline medium, such as concrete. The nucleation and growth of AgCl on Ag in 0.1 M HCl was verified through cyclic voltammetry. Ag anodization was performed at current densities, determined by potentiodynamic polarization in the same (0.1 M HCl) medium. The morphology and microstructure of the AgCl layers were evaluated via electron microscopy, while surface chemistry was studied through energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. At current density above 2 mA/cm 2 , the thickness and heterogeneity of the AgCl layer increased. In this condition, small AgCl particles formed in the immediate vicinity of the Ag substrate, subsequently weakening the bond strength of the Ag/AgCl interface. Silver oxide-based or carbon-based impurities were present on the surface of the sensor in amounts proportional to the thickness and heterogeneity of the AgCl layer. It is concluded that a well-defined link exists between the properties of the AgCl layer, the applied current density and the recorded overpotential during Ag anodization. The results can be used as a recommendation for preparation of chloride sensors with stable performance in cementitious materials.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure, surface chemistry and electrochemical response of Ag|AgCl sensors in alkaline media

et al. 2018

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“…6,7 Many attempts have been made to develop successful SSRE by covering Ag/AgCl with electrolyte-doped polymer, 8,9 poly(vinylchloride) membranes with plasticizer, lipophilic salt, or cation or anion exchanger, 10 KCl containing hydrogel layer, 6 polyurethane, 7 or electrolyte loaded polymers. 11,12 However, the present SSREs are not sufficiently reproducible and need long stabilization period. Reportedly, nanoporous Pt (npPt) electrode shows far better pH sensing performance than flat Pt electrode 5 by virtue of low polarizability resulting from extremely enlarged electrode surface area.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Disposable Solid-State pH Sensor Using Nanoporous Platinum and Copolyelectrolytic Junction

Noh¹,

Park²,

Kim³

et al. 2010

Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society

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A disposable solid-state pH sensor was realized by utilizing two nanoporous Pt (npPt) electrodes and a copolyelectrolytic junction. One nanoporous Pt electrode was to measure the pH as an indicating electrode (pH-IE) and the other assembled with copolyelectrolytic junction was to maintain constant open circuit potential (Eoc) as a solid-state reference electrode (SSRE). The copolyelectrolytic junction was composed of cationic and anionic polymers immobilized by photo-polymerization of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, making buffered electrolytic environment on the SSRE. It was expected to make. The nanoporous Pt surrounded by a constant pH excellently worked as a solid state reference electrode so as to stabilize the system within 30 s and retain the electrochemical environment regardless of unknown sample solutions. Combination between the SSRE and the pH-IE commonly based on nanoporous Pt yielded a complete solid-state pH sensor that requires no internal filling solution. The solid state pH sensing chip is simple and easy to fabricate so that it could be practically used for disposable purposes. Moreover, the solid-state pH sensor successfully functions in calibration-free mode in a variety of buffers and surfactant samples.

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“…Thus, there is an urgent need to conduct further research on reference electrodes. 7,8 In potentiometric techniques, reference electrode is employed to determine the potential of working electrode. A major feature of reference electrode is the ability to maintain a steady potential over enormous range that should not be affected by sample size and its environment.…”

Section: Emf E Zf Rt Log a 2 303mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Solid-state Reference Electrode Based on Sodium Polyanethol Sulfonate Immobilised on Cellulose Acetate

Alva¹,

Aziz²,

Syono³

et al. 2017

JPS

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Problems associated with the thin-film Ag/AgCl reference electrode and a novel structure with improved durability

Cited by 129 publications

References 22 publications

Microstructure, surface chemistry and electrochemical response of Ag|AgCl sensors in alkaline media

Microstructure, surface chemistry and electrochemical response of Ag|AgCl sensors in alkaline media

Disposable Solid-State pH Sensor Using Nanoporous Platinum and Copolyelectrolytic Junction

Development of Solid-state Reference Electrode Based on Sodium Polyanethol Sulfonate Immobilised on Cellulose Acetate

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